<p>Boones University School is a historic building at 2029 Durant Avenue in Berkeley, California, USA It is the last surviving building from the Boones University School for Boys, which closed in 1915. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 1, 1982; listed as a California Historical Landmark since November 1, 1982; and listed as a Berkeley Landmark since March 16, 1981.</p><br>
<p>Since 2000, the building has been home to the Persian Center, a cultural and heritage organization for the Iranian diaspora and Iranian Americans.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building is a boxy 3-story, 20 room house, in an Italianate style that was simplified. The Boones University School for Boys (sometimes referred to as Boones Academy) building is an example of the late 19th-century private academies that flourished in California. The school was founded by Philip Riley Boone (1851–1912), who bought the unfinished one story building in 1884 and moved in his existing school. His school was successful enough to add two more floors to the building a few years later in 1891. A 1903 state law change signaled the end of the 19th century academy boom in California.</p><br>
<p>The building had remained in the Boone family as a rooming house until 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley Historic Civic Center District is a 9.9 acre historic district in Berkeley, California, USA It comprises portions of a five-block area surrounding Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park, primarily made up of civic-related buildings. It has been listed as one of the National Register of Historic Places since December 3, 1998; and listed as a Berkeley Landmark by the City of Berkeley since December 7, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are thirteen buildings in the district, and it contains nine contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure. There are four noncontributing buildings. Berkeley&#39;s Civic Center area is bordered by the downtown commercial and retail district on the east and north, and bordered by residential neighborhoods to the west and south.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, city officials launched a public process that aimed to gather community input on the revitalization of Berkeley&#39;s Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings, sites, and structures</h2><br>
<p>City Hall (now known as Old Berkeley City Hall, or Maudelle Shirek Building) (1909), 2134 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Berkeley, California; designed by architects John Bakewell and Arthur Brown Jr.</p><br>
<p>Berkeley Civic Center Park (now known as Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Park) (1938–1942), 2100 block of Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>Veterans’ Memorial Building (1928), 1931 Center Street, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>Federal Land Bank (also known as the Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center Building) (1938), 2180 Milvia Street, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>Berkeley Community Theater (1950), on the campus of Berkeley High School, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>Downtown YMCA (1910), 2001 Allston Way, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office (1914), 2000 Allston Way, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>State Farm Insurance Companies Building (1947–1948), 1947 Center Street, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>City Hall Annex (1925), 1835 Allston Way, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>Hall of Justice (1938–1939), 2171 McKinley Street, Berkeley, California</p><br>
<p>The Concord School, currently called the Concord Community Center, is a historic Rosenwald School located at 645 Walter Grissom Road between Kittrell and Franklinton in northwestern Franklin County, North Carolina. Built in 1922 and primarily financed by the Julius Rosenwald Foundation, the school is a single story, hip-roofed frame building which consisted of three classrooms, a three-bay industrial room and a cloakroom. The Concord School served African-American students within the local community until it closed in 1955. Students were then moved to the B.F. Person School  in nearby Franklinton.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. Recently restored in 2022, the Concord School is currently managed by a non-profit organization with member alumnus and used as a community center.</p><br>
<p>The Richard Layton House is a historic farmhouse located in the valley of the Delaware River southwest of the Wallpack Center section of Walpack Township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1979, for its significance in architecture. The house is now part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two and one-half story stone building constructed in the early 19th century with traditional country style. It has a one and one-half story wing, which may be the original part. Richard Layton is likely part of the family descending from Thomas Layton, who settled in Sandyston Township in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The Shoemaker–Houck Farm is a historic 3.2 acre farmstead located on Haney&#39;s Mill-Wallpack Center Road south of the Wallpack Center section of Walpack Township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1979, for its significance in architecture and includes a farmhouse and barn. The farmstead is now part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The property was once part of a large tract owned by John Cleves Symmes, a soldier and politician during the American Revolutionary War. Daniel Shoemaker purchased the property from Symmes daughter Mary and husband Peyton Short. The oldest part of the house is a one and one-half story stone wing built. The two-story main part was built of coursed stone. It was renovated during the 1940s and 1950s. The listing also includes the farm properties: gabled barn, tiled silo, workshop, ice house, and milk house.</p><br>
<p>The Cornelius Gunn House was a historic fieldstone farmhouse located on Ridge Road southwest of the Wallpack Center section of Walpack Township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1979, for its significance in architecture.</p><br>
<p>According to the nomination form, the house was built around 1814 by John Shoemaker. He was the brother of Daniel Shoemaker, who built the nearby Shoemaker–Houck Farm. The house was later owned by Cornelius D. Gunn, a trustee of the Wallpack Center Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The William Brockman Bankhead Colonial Revival style</p><br>
<p>house in Jasper, Walker County, Alabama, was built in 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 2022.</p><br>
<p>A member of the Democratic party, Bankhead (1874-1940) represented Alabama in the United States House of Representatives, alternately in the 7th and 10th Congressional districts, March 4, 1917 – September 15, 1940. He was elected to be the 42nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1936, serving in that position for the remainder of his service in Congress. In August 1937, his actress daughter Tallulah Bankhead wed fellow actor John Emery in this house.</p><br>
<p>Following Congressman Bankhead&#39;s 1940 death, the house went on the market. Subsequent owners were slacking in upkeep of the property. The Walker Area Community Foundation, aided by private donations, stepped in and rescued the property from its state of disrepair.</p><br>
<p>In the year 2010, financier John T. Oliver Jr., who had married Congressman Bankhead&#39;s great niece Barbara Bankhead, created the Bankhead House & Heritage Center charitable organization for the purpose of restoring the property.</p><br>
<p>The Dauphin Island School  is a historic former school building on Dauphin Island, Alabama. The school was built in 1931 to replace a one-room schoolhouse that was built in 1898 and burned in 1929. Originally sited on the east end of the island, it was moved to the western side in 1956. The structure has a central hallway with two classrooms on either side  and two restrooms at the rear. A 1991 addition included a library and cafeteria.</p><br>
<p>The school remained in use until 2016. It was relocated closer to its original site the next year, and today serves as a welcome center, museum, and library. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Evans–Waters Cottage, also known as Ferrone&#39;s Sunset Cottage, is a log cabin located at 11 Grandview Road by Lake Wallkill in Vernon Township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1934, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2016, for its significance in architecture, featuring Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The one and one-story cabin was designed by architect Herb Smith and built using American chestnut wood. The lumber was taken from standing dead trees by Lake Wallkill, a result of the chestnut blight of the early 1920s. It features the architectural style of real estate developers John R. Seckler and S. Clayton Shepperd. The 1934 cottage was originally owned by Sarah G. Evans. In 1949, it was owned by Lawrence J. Waters and Alberta Waters.</p><br>
<p>The Erickson Lakeside Cabin is a log cabin located at 103 Lakeside Drive by Lake Wallkill in Vernon Township in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1934, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 2017, for its significance in architecture, featuring late 19th- and early 20th-century American movements architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The one story log cabin was designed by architect Herb Smith featuring the architectural style of real estate developers John R. Seckler and S. Clayton Shepperd. It was constructed using American chestnut wood. The logs were taken from standing dead trees by Lake Wallkill, a result of the chestnut blight of the early 1920s. The original owners, Harold and Sophie Erickson, purchased the cabin in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Bumann Ranch is a ranch in Encinitas, California. Previously owned by German colonists, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 6, 2020. Currently, the ranch contains twenty buildings on its 10 acres of land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Herman Freidrich Bumann immigrated with his father to America from Germany in 1884, at 21. Following his uncle who has moved to Denver, Colorado twelve years before, they were one of the first German colonists in Southern California, being part of a group that bought Rancho Las Encinitas. When the duo arrived in California, they took shelter at what is now Stagecoach Community Park in Carlsbad.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, Herman purchased nearby Escondido Creek. During a financial crisis, Herman also purchased a homestead for $50. Continuing to acquire land, Herman owned by his death in 1926. He had 12 children with Emma Marie Junker. His seventh, Herman Charles, was the sole maintainer of the farm by the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is currently owned by Herman Charles nephew, Richard, and Richards wife, Adelina "Twink" Bumann. Although the ranch was added to the NRHP in March 2020, the official plaque was not installed until July 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Bumann family residence is a one-bedroom house, at by. Today, the house is a museum of sorts, as Herman&#39;s seventh child, Herman Charles, had a preference for collecting photographs and composing music for his violin. A picture of H. Charles playing with Bing Crosby in a pickup group can be seen on a wall.</p><br>
<p>The West Downtown Historic Transportation Corridor is a historic commercial district in Spokane, Washington located, as the name suggests, in the western portion of the city&#39;s downtown neighborhood. The district, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1999, consists mostly of buildings constructed between the late 19th century and 1949. It contained at the time of listing 65 buildings or structures, 50 of which are considered contributing properties to the district. Seven properties in the district are listed on the NRHP individually as well.</p><br>
<p>It draws its name from its location along the Union Pacific and BNSF Railways and former route of USA Route 10, which ran along First Avenue one block north of the railroad grade. The district was constructed to serve the transportation industry of the railroad and later of the highway as well. Buildings in the district served purposes that originally fell into one of three categories: lodging for travelers, automotive service stations and showrooms, or railroad-dependent warehouses. Most of the buildings are constructed of red brick or reinforced masonry.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of Interstate 90 in the 1960s, most travelers passing through Spokane were funneled through the district. In the decades after the arrival of the interstate, with much of its original purpose no longer in place, the district fell into decline and became a center for blight and crime in the city center. Starting in the late-1990s and continuing into the 2020s, the area has seen considerable investment and revitalization. It is now a vibrant part of the city center, home to numerous boutiques, restaurants, breweries and residences. While the district has largely moved on from its original transport-dependent industries, with the exception of a few hotels which still operate in the area, the visual integrity of the district remains mostly intact.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Located on the west side of downtown Spokane, the West Downtown Historic Transportation Corridor stretches from Post St. on the east to Walnut St. on the west, between First and Second Avenues. Elevated railroad tracks run east to west through the middle of the district, midway between First and Second Avenues. There are also a pair of alleyways on both sides of the tracks, between First and Second, respectively. The northern of the two is named Railroad Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Like the rest of downtown south of the Spokane River, the area is located on relatively flat tableland above the Spokane River Gorge at roughly 1,900 feet above sea level. The land drops off dramatically into the gorge just one city block from the district&#39;s western edge.</p><br>
<p>The West Downtown Historic Transportation District is adjacent to three other historic districts listed on the NRHP. Immediately to the northwest is the Riverside Avenue Historic District. On the other side of Post St., between the two alleyways on either side of the railroad tracks, is the westernmost extension of the East Downtown Historic District. The Browne&#39;s Addition Historic District begins less than a block west along First Ave.</p><br>
<p>First and Second Avenue traverse the district in a west−east direction as one-way streets. First carries traffic eastbound into the central business district from the adjacent Brownes Addition neighborhood and also from across the northern side of the city as the busy Maple Street Bridge feeds into the street. Second Avenue carries traffic westbound. Both are classified as principal arterials by the city. Monroe Street on the districts western edge is also a principal arterial in the city as it features one of the six automobile river crossings in the city center, the Monroe Street Bridge, a few blocks north of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Spokane was founded in 1873 a few blocks to the north of what would become the West Downtown Historic Transportation Corridor. As the city grew in the following years, an area known as Railroad Addition was platted in 1881. Most of the district is located in Railroad Addition, with the westernmost portions located in an addition to the Railroad Addition which was platted a year later.</p><br>
<p>The arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1881 linked Spokane with the rest of the nation and allowed the city to grow into the major distribution center for the Inland Northwest. Many of the buildings which comprise the district were constructed as warehouses to support the distribution industry brought to the city, to serve it and the wider region, by the railroad. By 1900, nine railroads passed through Spokane. Of the railroad-based districts around the city, the west side of downtown is at this day the most intact as it was originally developed.</p><br>
<p>As the city saw its population boom around the turn of the 20th century, the city had a housing shortage. Many of the new arrivals to Spokane were single males who moved to the city seeking work as craftsmen or laborers. A large number of single-room occupancy hotels were constructed in the city, with many built along the railroad on First Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, the railroad tracks were raised above grade in order to alleviate traffic congestion in the city center. The poured-concrete embankment raised the tracks 12-to-14 feet above the street level. When the tracks were initially constructed, they caused another problem by sealing off some of the businesses which had been built to face the previously street-level tracks. This issue led to a flurry of legal action which brought the construction of the embankment to a halt for two years. Construction was completed in 1916 at a cost of $2.5 million.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of the automobile in the early-20th century, an "auto row" district developed along west First Avenue. Numerous dealerships appeared in the area, and in 1911 Regal Motor Car Company made Spokane its distribution center for the Northwest.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s transition from railroad-dependent to automobile-dependent continued in 1925 when USA Route 10 was established and routed through Spokane. Its original alignment ran down what is now First Avenue. The road would be rerouted twice in the coming decades, first to Sprague Avenue and then in the 1930s it was moved to Third Avenue. Neither rerouting moved the highway more than one block on either side of the current historic district, however.</p><br>
<p>Things changed dramatically for downtown Spokane as a whole when Interstate 90 was routed through the southern part of the city center in the 1960s. The interstate replaced USA Route 10 from street level to an elevated, controlled access highway three blocks south. The arrival of the interstate, along with related factors like suburbanization and the development of shopping centers outside of the city&#39;s core, led to a period of economic decline across downtown Spokane in the 1960s and 1970s. Paradoxically, that period of decline would ultimately lead in part to the vibrant and historic nature of the district today, as lack of economic development spared the historic buildings from being torn down to make way for modern construction.</p><br>
<p>By the late 20th century, the west end of downtown had become a center for drug use, prostitution and gang activity. In 1996, a turf war broke out on West First Avenue that resulted in multiple shootings. Many of the buildings had fallen into disrepair or outright abandonment, while others were holding on as low-income housing. The neighborhood was viewed unfavorably by many in the city, with The Spokesman-Review calling the area “headquarters for vagrants and pigeons.”</p><br>
<p>Redevelopment efforts began in the area around that time. Derelict apartment and former hotels were renovated and converted into working-class apartments. Street level storefronts began to be leased to bars, restaurants, cafes and shops, especially on First Avenue.</p><br>
<p>By the 2020s, the district had turned into one of the more vibrant areas in downtown Spokane. In 2023, the City Line bus rapid transit system began service in Spokane, passing through the district along First Avenue and making two stops in it, at Adams and Monroe Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>At the time the district was listed on the NRHP, it contained 65 buildings, 50 of which were considered to be contributing properties. Of those, seven are listed individually on the NRHP on their own merit.</p><br>
<h3>Central Steam Heat Plant</h3><br>
<p>The Central Steam Heat Plant, commonly known as Steam Plant Square, or simply as the Steam Plant, is a historic building in originally built to provide steam heating to more than 300 buildings in Spokanes city center. The Steam Plant served that purpose until the 1980s, when it was no longer viable. In the 1990s, the Steam Plant and adjacent Seehorn-Lang Building were converted into Steam Plant Square, a commercial, retail and restaurant center. The conversion maintained many of the industrial steam plant structures such as furnaces, boilers, catwalks and pipe networks, which can still be seen and explored by visitors and patrons. The Steam Plants pair of 225 foot tall stacks have been a unique and iconic aspect of the city&#39;s skyline for more than a century, and are illuminated from their base at night. If the stacks were considered to be a building, they would rank as the third tallest in the city.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial Block</h3><br>
<p>The Commercial Block is a historic, three-story building at 1111-1119 W. 1st Avenue designed by architect Isaac J. Galbraith in 1906 for Dr. Joseph Gandy on property owned by his wife, Harriet Ross Gandy. With commercial space on the ground floor, originally housing a meat market and a furniture store, and apartments above, it was one of the first mixed-use buildings in the neighborhood. It later served as a hotel until the early-1980s. By the 1990s, the building served as low-income housing, a transition made by numerous other buildings in the district at the time. As the area saw revitalization around the turn of the 21st century, the building has served as a corporate office and student housing.</p><br>
<p>As of 2023, the building has returned to its original use, with commercial space on the street level and housing on the floors above.</p><br>
<h3>Eldridge Building</h3><br>
<p>The Eldridge Building is a historic building designed by architect Gustav Albin Pehrson and built in 1925. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since November 12, 1992. It is one of three historic buildings listed on the NRHP at the intersection of First Avenue and Cedar Street. To the west across Cedar is the Grand Coulee building and to the northwest, kitty-corner from the Eldridge Building, is the former Carnegie Library.</p><br>
<p>Originally built to serve as a Buick dealership, the Eldridge Building has retained its commercial purpose throughout the years, unlike many of the residential buildings in the district which fell into periods of disrepair or abandonment. As of 2023 it is home to shops, a cafe and a brewery on the street level with office space on the levels above.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel Upton</h3><br>
<p>Hotel Upton, also known as Grand Coulee Hotel and at present as the Grand Coulee Apartments, is a historic four-story building in Spokane, Washington. It was designed by Loren L. Rand, and built as a 102-room hotel in 1910. It was renamed the Grand Coulee Hotel in 1933. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 29, 1994. A renovation project in the 1990s uncovered aspects of the building, like its prism-glass transom doorways, which had been hidden during decades of neglect.</p><br>
<p>It is one of three historic buildings at the intersection of First Avenue and Cedar Street listed on the NRHP. To the east across Cedar is the Eldridge Building and to the north across First is the former Carnegie Library. As of 2023, it contains commercial space on the street level including shops and a bar, with apartment housing on the upper levels.</p><br>
<h3>Montvale Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Montvale Hotel is a boutique hotel originally built in 1889 as an SRO (Single Room Occupancy Hotel). It is the oldest hotel still standing in Spokane. The building also previously served as an apartment building, a brothel, and as a youth hostel during Expo &#39;74, and then was abandoned for 30 years. It was restored and re-opened in January 2005 as a 36-room boutique hotel with restaurant spaces on the street and lower levels, a purpose it continues to serve as of 2023.</p><br>
<h3>Otis Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Otis Hotel is a historic five-story building, designed by Arthur W. Cowley and Archibald G. Rigg, and built in 1911 for Dr. Joseph E. Gandy. It was first known as the Willard Hotel, and later as the Atlantic Hotel, followed by the Earle Hotel, and finally the Otis Hotel. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 2, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Like much of the district, the building fell into disrepair and neglect in the second-half of the 20th century. By the 1990s it was used as housing for transients and was called a "symbol of downtown’s decay" by the local newspaper, The Spokesman-Review. Since a $15 million renovation completed to convert the building back into a hotel in early 2020, the building has been reopened as the Hotel Indigo Spokane and is part of the InterContinental Hotels Group with a restaurant on the street level and hotel rooms above.</p><br>
<h3>Seehorn-Lang Building</h3><br>
<p>The Seehorn-Lang Building is a historic building at 165 S. Lincoln Ave., that since the late 1990s has been commonly known as part of Steam Plant Square, a commercial and retail center which it forms together with the adjacent Central Steam Heat Plant building. Built in 1890, it is one of the oldest buildings in Spokane, as many buildings constructed prior were destroyed in the Great Spokane Fire of 1889. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as well as the state and local historic registers. The building is named for Elihu "Billy" Seehorn, who operated the Seehorn Transfer and Storage Company on the premises from 1910 to 1925, and John Lang, who acquired the building from Seehorn.</p><br>
<p>The Seehorn-Lang Building is the only remaining example of a 1920s-era wood-framed storefront with original windows and doors in the city&#39;s central business district.</p><br>
<p>The Sullivan House is a historic house at 1330 Union Street in Manchester, New Hampshire. Built in 1932–1933, it is an example of “Little House” architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for Priscilla Manning and her fiancé, John L. Sullivan. Sullivan later served as the 49th United States Secretary of the Navy, during 1947–1949. The house was a wedding gift from Manning&#39;s maternal grandfather, Frank Pierce Carpenter, founder of the Amoskeag Paper Company.</p><br>
<p>The house is still owned by the Sullivan family, and contains many of its original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Nisei Memorial VFW Post 8985 was founded in 1947 by Japanese-American World War II veterans of the 442nd RCT and the Military Intelligence Service in Sacramento, California. Its members would form the first of 14 segregated Nisei VFW posts chartered in California. The posts clubhouse, originally built as a restaurant, was purchased with assistance from the local JACL in 1955, and is now the last remaining property associated with what was once Sacramentos historic Japantown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Japanese-Americans soldiers returned home from World War II service in Europe and the Pacific, they still faced discrimination despite their exemplary service record. Many VFW and American Legion posts refused to accept Nisei veterans, some even going to the extreme of removing members who previously served in World War I.</p><br>
<p>Unable to join existing veterans organizations, the Nisei veterans in Sacramento decided to form their own post, appealing to fellow WW2 veteran Alva J. Fleming, a rising star in VFW&#39;s district leadership, and receiving a charter to establish a segregated post on 7 February 1947. Fleming would eventually become the VFW state commander for California in 1957 and prove instrumental in founding 14 Nisei VFW posts throughout California, posts 8985 in Sacramento, Monterey post 1629, Gardena post 1961, Garden Grove post 3670, San Fernando post 4140, San Diego post 4851, Hanford post 5869, Oceanside post 6945, Fresno post 8499, Watsonville post 9446, San Francisco post 9879, East Los Angeles post 9902, Los Angeles post 9938, and San Jose post 9970.</p><br>
<p>Caucasian former 442nd officers sponsored the Nisei American Legion post 1183 in Chicago, while Nisei in the Pacific Northwest would found the independent Nisei Veterans Committee when neither organization would accept them.</p><br>
<p>Post 8985 initially met at the Sacramento Buddhist Church, then at 4th and O streets, while attempting to raise money to build their own meeting hall. They would eventually buy a parcel down the street on 7th and T streets in 1950, and form a committee to raise the necessary capital to build a meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>During the war, many African-Americans moved to Sacramento to assist with the war effort and found available housing within the former Japantown mostly vacated due to the incarceration of Japanese-Americans during the war. One of those African-Americans was local entrepreneur Phelix Flowers, who commissioned architects A.E. Kimmel and Roy Swedin to build his Flower Garden restaurant next to the Buddhist church in 1951. The property featured two banquet halls to facilitate African-American members of the Capital City Elk&#39;s Lodge 1147, who like their Nikkei neighbors, were prohibited from using the main Elks Tower on Eleventh and J. Unfortunately for Flowers, the business had difficulty finding success and declared bankruptcy in 1954. Post 8985 jumped on the opportunity to purchase the property, and together with proceeds from the sale of the parcel on T and assistance from the JACL, were able to acquire the property in 1955, dedicating the property as the Nisei War Memorial Hall with an honor roll listing the names of their brothers in arms lost during the war.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the war, over 40 Japantowns existed in California with the highest per capita in Sacramento county with over 8,000 residents comprising 5.6% of the population by 1930. While smaller in total population than in Los Angeles, Sacramentos Japantown was ranked 4th in size in the country. While many of Sacramentos Nikkei population returned to the city after the war, anti-Japanese sentiment remained strong and Sacramentos Japantown never fully recovered as it did in Los Angeles and San Francisco. The death knell for Sacramentos Japantown came in 1957 as Sacramentos city council voted to bulldoze and redevelop the heart of the neighborhood to create what is now Sacramentos Capitol Mall.</p><br>
<p>As Sacramento prospered in the post-war era, Post 8985 would find the neighboring Buddhist church (and the post&#39;s first meeting hall) move south to Riverside, the rest of the once flourishing Japanese community scattered and dispersed throughout the city, and soon found themselves as the sole remaining Nikkei owned property within the boundaries of the former Japantown.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Post 8985 still serves as a non-profit organization, memorial, and community center, and has evolved into the 21st century serving as a reminder of Sacramentos greater Japanese-American history with a Japanese-American civil liberties monument placed on the outside edge of the property containing interpretive panels, text, and photographs describing Sacramentos Japantown and the internment period. Their membership has also diversified into serving the greater Asian Pacific community and continues to sponsor a boy scout troop and other non-profit organizations.</p><br>
<p>The property has been nominated for National Register of Historic Places recognition in 2019, and received landmark designation M20-004 by the Sacramento Register of Historic and Cultural Resources in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument is a United States national monument that honors Emmett Till, an African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, and his mother, Mamie Till, who became an advocate in the Civil Rights Movement. The monument includes three sites, one in Illinois and two in Mississippi, with a total area of 5.7 acre. The monument is managed by the National Park Service. It was established by President Joe Biden on July 25, 2023, what would have been Emmett Till&#39;s 82nd birthday.</p><br>
<h2>Sites</h2><br>
<h3>Illinois</h3><br>
<p>The Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, Bronzeville, Chicago. The church was the site where Mamie Till insisted on an open casket funeral service for Emmett in September 1955 to let the world know what had been done to her son. More than ten thousand attended the services for Till.</p><br>
<h3>Mississippi</h3><br>
<p>Graball Landing on the Tallahatchie River, near Glendora. It is believed to be the site where Till&#39;s body was retrieved from the river. 4.31 acres was donated to the National Park Service for the monument.</p><br>
<p>Tallahatchie County Second District Courthouse in Sumner. This was where the September 1955 trial of and acquittal of Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam for Till&#39;s murder took place. Tallahatchie County donated the courthouse and the adjacent Emmett Till Interpretative Center to the NPS through the National Park Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Frances Harper Inn is a house located at 307 Horton Street in Detroit, Michigan. It is significant for its operation, between about 1915 and 1950, by the Christian Industrial Club, a Detroit Black women&#39;s club. The club used the house to provide safe and affordable housing for Black women and girls who did not have families to house them. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Christian Industrial Club was founded in 1904 by Etta Foster Taylor, a nurse and congregant at Detroit&#39;s Second Baptist Church. The club was composed of primarily middle-class Black women from a range of Detroit churches, and was formed to promote "moral, social, spiritual and intellectual advancement" and teach domestic sciences. In 1909, at the beginning of the Great Migration, the club refocused, dedicating itself to opening a home for young Black women. This was particularly important in Detroit at the time, as young women from the South were moving to the city, often alone, and were often subject to sexual harassment and exploitation.</p><br>
<p>The club began fundraising, and in 1915 purchased the house at 307 Horton and opened it as the Frances Harper Inn, named after prominent Black abolitionist and educator Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. The house was originally constructed in about 1893 for Detroit business owner Henry James Leonard and his wife Lyeshee. The house was auctioned in 1907; subsequent owners were Dora and Miles Dukes, and Alfred Anderson. By 1915, the block was mostly rental houses, and, importantly, was primarily White: the house was located just west of Brush Street, the unofficial western boundary of Black neighborhoods. This likely led to the reported vandalism in 1915, where three Ks were painted in the outside walls.</p><br>
<p>Two boarders lived at the Frances Harper Inn in 1915, six in 1917, and ten in 1920. The women worked as domestics or in the service industry, and some started their own businesses in hairdressing, manicuring, and the like. Throughout the 1920s, the inn housed between five and ten residents. In 1930, the Christian Industrial Club paid off the mortgage on the house. However, with the advent of the Great Depression, fewer residents stayed at the inn, with only three recorded in 1931–1934 and 1937. However, the Club continued on, remaining active through at least 1955. However, the house was sold in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The house was subsequently abandoned, and is now owned by the Michigan Urban Farming Initiative, which operates an urban farm on lots to the east and north of the building. The Michigan Urban Farming Initiative has begun to stabilize the property beautifying the grounds and replacing the windows.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Frances Harper Inn is a wooden two-and-a-half story Queen Anne house with a cross gabled roof. It sits on a stone foundation. The main body of the house is clad in clapboard, with asphalt shingles on the roof. The front of the house has a projecting front gable with decorative block carving and brackets on the eaves, and vertical stickwork and fishscale shingles in the gable. A single story porch runs across the front. Under the porch is a recessed entry door and a large double hung window. A pair of double hung windows are on the second floor and small paired windows are at the attic level.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel D. Holcomb School, or simply the Holcomb School, is a former school located at 18100 Bentler Street in Detroit.It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1910s and 1920s, what was then the village of Redford experienced a boom in population. In response, the Redford Union Schools district constructed new buildings to house the influx of students. In 1925, the Redford Union Schools district hired the Detroit architectural firm of Verner, Wihelm and Molby to design this school to serve as the District No. 1 elementary school; it was completed in December 1925. The school was named in honor of Samuel D. Holcomb, a local physician. The original school contained thirteen classrooms. Although the school was built under the auspices of the Redford Union Schools district, Redford Union was almost immediately absorbed by the Detroit School District, and Holcomb opened the 1926/27 school year as a Detroit public school.</p><br>
<p>The area around the school continued to grow, and an addition to the school was completed in 1929, containing six more classrooms as well as a gymnasium and lunchroom. In 1946, a second addition was constructed, containing five more classrooms, an auditorium, a shop, and additional bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The school continued to serve the neighborhood until declining enrollment forced its closure in 2010. It has since remained vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Holcomb School is a single-story, Collegiate Gothic structure constructed from red brick with limestone trim. The school has a rectangular footprint with two interior courtyards, like a figure eight. The facade along the main street has a side gable roof covered with asphalt shingles; the remainder of the building has a flat roof. The main facade is split into three sections. The central section is taller and deeper than the wings to each side. Tall brick gable ends divide the central section from the wings. The center section has two symmetrical projecting bays flanked by shallow projecting entryways.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is a church building located at 98 Superior Boulevard in Wyandotte, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023. The congregation is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the time Wyandotte was chartered as a city in 1867, churches of five different denominations existed in the city. However, in 1892, the Reverend Joshua Stansfield of the First Methodist church and the Reverend Peter E. Nichol of the First Presbyterian each preached against the sin of dancing. In objection, some members of each congregation walked out; twenty-nine members immediately formed the First Congregational Church. The new congregation began meeting in an old school house. By 1902, the congregation had grown to 200 members. A location for a permanent church was chosen, and the congregation hired architect Wells D. Butterfield to design the building. The construction of the church was funded completely by local industrialist and congregation member Jerome H. Bishop. Construction began in August 1902 and the church was dedicated in June 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Congregational Church continued to grow, and in 1913 constructed a parsonage behind the sanctuary. An adjoining fellowship hall was added in 1927. The building continues to serve the congregation until the present.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church complex was constructed in three stages: the 1903 church, the 1927 fellowship hall, and the 1913 parsonage (now a private residence). The church is a Late Gothic Revival building clad in reddish-brown brick, with a limestone foundation and limestone trim. The sanctuary is rectangular and measures thirty-four feet by seventy-six feet. The main façade contains a large stained glass window. The entryway is within a square bell tower topped with a spire which projects from one corner. The sanctuary is topped with a steep gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The Fellowship Hall is a rectangular building adjacent to the church, connecting internally through the bell tower. The hall is a brick building. The front façade is divided into two bays by three buttresses topped</p><br>
<p>with limestone. Each bay contains a double arched window. The parsonage is located behind the church, and is a 2-1/2 story, L-shaped vernacular Queen Anne style house. The first floor is clad in brick and the second in vinyl siding. It has a steeply pitched side-gable front section and a recessed entry porch.</p><br>
<p>Cranford Apartment Building is a historic building located in the Campustown section of Ames, Iowa, United States. The 4½-story brick structure was completed in 1922 as a residence for single women who were on the faculty at Iowa State College as well as other professional women. Prior to this buildings completion, female faculty members often had a difficult time finding a place to live in Ames. Its construction was funded by the Faculty Womens Housing Company. The building was designed by Alda Wilson, who earned a bachelor&#39;s degree from Iowa State. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<p>The Irving Andrew and Olive Crane Kendall Dean House, also known as Mayflower Place, is a single family home located at 2350 Leonard Street NW in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Olive Crane Kendall married Irving Andrew Dean in Grand Rapids on June 21, 1883. Irving worked as an accountant at Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad until he opened his own accounting firm in 1908. Olive came from a family of furniture makers and was an active member of the Daughters of the American Revolution. In 1910, Olive&#39;s brother died, leaving half his estate to his sister. In 1911 the Deans hired architect Frank P. Allen to design this house. They lived here until Irving died in 1927 and Olive in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The couple did not have any children, and after Olives death, here estate sold the house to Leonard J. Ritzema owner of the Ritzema Department Store. Ritzema later sold the house to Kenneth Burgett, owner of Burgetts Floral, a plant nursery and florist shop. Subsequent ownership is not clear, but by 1993 Edward Nedwick and Dr. Lawrence Pawl owned the house. In 2002 Pawl and his wife purchased the home outright, and the house was purchased by Frank and Melissa Patis in 2018, the current owners. They initiated the National Register nomination and hired local historians to research the home and write the nomination.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Irving Andrew and Olive Crane Kendall Dean House is a two-and-one-half-story Classical Revival wood-frame house clad in stucco. The footprint of the house is primarily rectangular but with a two-story gabled projection at one corner. The roof is covered with asphalt shingles and the foundation is constructed of concrete topped with fieldstone. The front elevation includes a central portico with fluted two-story Corinthian columns. A low hipped roof is above. The windows are arranged symmetrically around the portico. A two-car garage of similar design sits behind the house.</p><br>
<p>The district is a rectangular, open plaza with buildings on four sides. The most notable is the eighteenth-century La Iglesia de Santa Cruz. The plaza is also outlined on three sides and crossed diagonally by South McCurdy Road . Facing it are the church and four related features; four dwellings; one functioning and one nonfunctioning store; the Santa Cruz Irrigation District office; a vacant building; and three sites of former buildings, one in ruins. The Holy Cross Church, a Spanish-Colonial, adobe edifice dominates the west side. The ‘’Ortega House’’, a relatively large, contributing, New Mexico Vernacular building is on the south. To the east are three noncontributing dwellings and on the north three noncontributing buildings. Most of the buildings facing the plaza are cement plastered in an adobe shade of brown. The plaza itself and the principal buildings have retained architectural integrity and represent their historical associations. The buildings on the remaining two sides were built or altered after the Period of Significance. Sites of former buildings on the south and east sides contain varying potential for archaeological investigation.</p><br>
<p>The region on both sides of the Santa Cruz River was first settled in the 17th century by a number of ranches and haciendas scattered throughout the area. During the great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 the colonist fled or were killed by the neighboring Tewa Pueblo Indians. With the Spanish gone, the Tano Pueblos of San Lazaro and San Cristobal, formerly located in the Galisteo Basin, relocated at two sites opposite each other on the Santa Cruz River.</p><br>
<p>In 1695 General Diego de Vargas Zapata Lujan Ponce de Leon reoccupied the valley and ordered the Indians of these villages to move. The land was granted to sixty Spanish families brought to New Mexico by Fray Francisco Farfán in 1694. They settled ‘’La Villa Nueva de Santa Cruz de Los Españoles Mexicanos del Rey Nuestro Senor Carlos Segundo‘’ on April 21, 1695. In October, 44 families, from Zacatecas joined them. These settlers left the area by 1700 and were replaced by the New Mexico families from the old ranchos. In 1706, the village had a small church, but this structure proved to be inadequate and in June 1733, Governor Gervasio Cruzat y Gongora granted the inhabitants of Santa Cruz permission to build a new church.</p><br>
<p>The Sligh Furniture Company Building, also known as the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation Plant No. 15, is a former factory located at 211 Logan Street SW in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the late 1800s, Grand Rapids was a major hub for furniture production. In 1874, Charles R. Sligh Sr. began working for the Berkey & Gay Company as a salesman. In 1880, he decided to strike out on his own, and raised $10,500 to incorporate Sligh Furniture Company. The company purchased a plot of land and constructed a 15,000 square foot factory. The company began selling bedroom furniture, and was quickly successful. They constructed an addition to the factory in 1882, and a second one in 1888. Further additions were made in the 1890s and early in the 20th century, and by 1913 the factory contained 325,000 square feet. Twelve years later the footage had grown to 610,000 square feet.</p><br>
<p>However, after about this time the company slowly declined. There was greater competition from southern firms, and the Great Depression dealt a major blow to the company. In 1932, the Sligh Furniture Company stockholders liquidated the company&#39;s assets and furniture operations at the factory ceased. Portions of the building were leased as warehouse space over the next decade. In 1948, the Nash-Kelvinator company purchased and renovated the building for use as a warehouse. Several small additions were constructed in the 1960s, and in 1984 Nash-Kelvinator sold the building. It was used as rental space for various small businesses, and continues to be used for that purpose as of 2023. A redevelopment of the building is planned.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sligh Furniture Company Building is a large, L-shaped factory building containing about 650,000 square feet of space. The architecture is very utilitarian, with some influences from Italianate and Modern sources. The exterior is primarily brick, with some concrete additions. It has a flat roof with a brick parapet; the window openings are uniform and regularly spaced. The building was constructed in stages over time, and different additions vary in height and appearance. The eastern wing portion of the building is of brick construction, and ranges from five to seven stories tall. The western section is built if concrete and is seven stories tall.</p><br>
<p>Gamlin&#39;s Cabin is a historic cabin in General Grant Grove in Kings Canyon National Park. It can be passed on a loop trail to General Grant, being about northwest of the tree itself. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 8, 1977. It is the first building constructed in the grove and the oldest surviving one in the national park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cabin was built by the New Englanders Israel and Thomas Gamlin in 1872. The brothers filed a claim to use of land in General Grant Grove for logging. They had previously lived in the Fallen Monarch, a fallen sequoia that was fully carved out. While grazing sheep at higher elevations, the two used the cabin for six years until 1878, when the United States General Land Office recommended that the area around the building be preserved as a public park. They made a deal in which the Gamlins would give up their claims to the area in exchange for land in another area. The Gamlins kept their part of the bargain, but the GLO did not, never giving them their land. The Gamlins eventually moved to Idaho in search of unclaimed land.</p><br>
<p>After the establishment of General Grant (now Kings Canyon) National Park in 1890, the United States Cavalry used it for hay and grain storage from 1891 to 1901. It later became the living area of the first civilian park ranger, Lewis L. Davis, between 1902 and 1909. There, Davis learned about the sequoias relationship with fire and raised young plants. During the winter of 1931–32, a falling tree damaged the roof. Due to the buildings age, plans were made to reconstruct it, with the restoration happening in 1933.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The logs of which the building is composed are made out of hand-hewn squared sugar pine timers, with the roof shingles being made out of sequoia. Each sugar pine log averages. The cabin only has one room, measuring. It also has two windows and doors, with a dirt floor. There are no interior decorations, except for a stone fireplace on the rear wall.</p><br>
<p>The cabin has been moved twice since its original construction. The first was by the USA Cavalry who dismantled the cabin log by log and reconstructed it southeast in 1892. The second was to move it back to its original area, occurring in the fall of 1932, with the help of Thomas Gamlin, one of the original builders. Gamlin assisted in finding the original location of the cabin so it could be reconstructed in 1933. The historical accuracy of the building is disputed, as there are no surviving photographs of the building prior to its restoration. Most of the same materials from the original cabin were used, but the fireplace and roof had to be recreated during the process.</p><br>
<p>In the years since the area in front of the cabin has been updated with asphalt concrete trails and interpretive signs.</p><br>
<p>Vaughn&#39;s Book Store is a commercial building and former bookstore located at 12115–12123 Dexter Avenue in Detroit. It was the first Black-owned bookstore in Detroit. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edward Vaughn was born in Abbeville, Alabama, and attended Fisk University, graduating in 1955. He moved to Detroit, was drafted into the Army, and in 1959 began working for the United States Postal Service. Inspired by a visit to Lewis H. Michauxs National Memorial African Bookstore, in the early 1960s Vaughn began selling books out of the trunk of his car. He soon started looking for a permanent store location, and partnered with his aunt Polly Rawls to purchase this building from Saul Lumberg in 1964. The building contained four units, and was built in approximately 1924. The unit at 12117 Dexter Avenue housed a laundry from about 1926 until Vaughns purchase; the other three units held, at various times, a grocer, fish market, shoe repair shop, a beauty salon, a fruit market, and a roofer. Vaughns Book Store opened in the building in about January 1965 in the unit at 12123 Dexter Avenue. It was Detroits first Black-owned bookstore.</p><br>
<p>Vaughns Book Store was one of the first bookstores in the nation that focused on themes of Black nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and other Black-oriented themes. After opening, Vaughns Book Store became a valuable resource for hard-to-find books as well as a cultural meeting place for the Black Detroit community. The store initially survived the start of the 1967 Detroit riot, but was later ransacked, reportedly by officers of the Detroit Police Department. However, the store restocked and prospered, opening in a second location in 1969. By 1972, the bookstore outgrew the building and moved to a nearby structure at 12135 Dexter Avenue. However, soon after the popularity of militant Black nationalist literature declined, and Vaughn closed the Dexter Avenue location in 1979. Vaughn was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives at various points in the late 1970s and 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Even after closing the bookstore, Vaughn continued to own the building; he leased units to a series of businesses, including Yopps Record Man, the Uhuru Sasa Institute, a gift shop, and Rev. Albert Cleage Jr. as a campaign office. Vaughn sold the building in the early 1980s to the Instant Impressions print shop. However, by the early 2010s the last business had left the building, and it came under City of Detroit ownership.</p><br>
<p>The bookstore received a $15,000 historic preservation grant from the National Park Service in 2021. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Vaughn&#39;s Book Store building is a single-story rectangular commercial building constructed of structural clay tile with orange-brown face brick. The front facade is divided into four equal storefronts of equal area, each of which contains a single door and a large storefront window or a pair of windows. The building has a flat asphalt roof with a parapet front. The former bookstore was located in the northernmost unit.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene Rourke House at 619 Carson St., in La Junta, Colorado, was built in 1898. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1983. The building has many interesting features including a turret, Colonial Revival portico, and iron cresting around the hipped roof. The home demonstrates the transition between Late-Victorian and Colonial Revival styles. It is a two-story brick structure on four corner lots.</p><br>
<p>Born in 1849, Eugene Rourke originally immigrated to Illinois in 1852 from Ireland, began work as a farmhand at the age of 9, and found his way to a mining camp at Black Hawk, Colorado in 1869. He eventually traveled to the Purgatoire River Valley in southeastern Colorado where he established his ranch. Eugene Rourke founded the Rouke Ranch, also known as the Wineglass Ranch, in 1871. The ranch is now a National Historic District. The property is located on what is now the Comanche National Grassland. In 1898, Rourke made the decision to move his family to La Junta so his ten children could attend public school. At this time, construction began on the Eugene Rourke House. Rourke became a prominent businessman in La Junta establishing a bank, theater, and apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Eugene Rourke died on August 8, 1918.</p><br>
<p>The Snowden-Gray House is a historic house in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The house contributes to the East Town Street Historic District, on the National Register of Historic Places and Columbus Register of Historic Properties. Built as a private home around 1852, the building later served several purposes, including as the governors mansion for Ohios governor during the American Civil War. From 1952 to 2018, it was the headquarters of the sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma. Beginning in 2018, a developer operated a rental and events space there for several years, until 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Attributes</h2><br>
<p>The Snowden-Gray mansion is located on East Town Street in Downtown Columbus, close to Topiary Park. The location, eight blocks east of High Street, was considered the outskirts of Columbus in the 1850s. The house is considered to be the finest example of Italianate villa architecture in Central Ohio, and the focal point of the East Town Street Historic District. It is designed in the High Victorian Italianate style. The mansion has two-and-a-half stories, topped with a cupola or belvedere at its center, with a finial on its roof. The original structure measures 45 feet square, and has a stone foundation. The entranceway to the house is arched and paneled. It windows have ornamented stilted arch hood molding. The houses bracketed cornice is ornate as well. The property is surrounded with a wrought-iron fence with a fleurs-de-lis pattern (also the symbol of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority). The houses exterior has been modified, including by an addition that connects the house to its carriage house.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, before its ownership by sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma, the house had a cream-colored exterior. During its sorority ownership, the house had 6,850 square feet of office space and 3,170 square feet for its library, meeting room, lounge, lunch room, kitchen, and upstairs bedrooms for visitors. Since its renovations c. 2018, the house has eight rooms and 13,000 square feet, and includes themed rooms and suites. These include the Snowden and Gray suites, the largest units in the house; a room inspired by Celinda Hatton; and the Blue Velvet Room, an events space.</p><br>
<p>The interior has fourteen-foot ceilings, a winding stairway, and a 40-foot salon with twin fireplaces made of white marble.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker located outside the house was sponsored by Kappa Kappa Gamma and the Ohio History Connection; it denotes the history and importance of the house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built for dry-goods merchant Philip T. Snowden and his wife Abigail around 1852; some sources say it was constructed in 1850. Snowden earned a great wealth dealing silks and embroideries. The economic downturn known as the Panic of 1857 was devastating to Snowdens business, as well as many others nearby. The house was sold at a sheriffs sale in 1860, and soon became owned by the state of Ohio. During the American Civil War, the state utilized the house as a temporary governor&#39;s mansion, including for David Tod and his large family.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, David S. Gray, a philanthropist and railroad magnate, owned the house, purchased from his brother-in-law William Richards. His wife Eugenia would often hold parties at the house, and reportedly would use the houses cupola to observe her guests outfits, allowing her time to change clothes if another female guest had a gown that mimicked or rivaled hers. The couple raised four children at the house, and was married there in 1865. In 1872, the house was reportedly rebuilt by George Bellows Sr. David Gray died there in 1921, and did not want the house to leave the family, though as early as the 1930s, the mansion became a rooming house, and later, home to the Columbus Womens Clubhouse Association. Its organizer, Celinda Hatton, is rumored to haunt the house, walking through it wearing a pink robe, holding a drink in her hand. The house is included in Columbus Landmarks long-running "Ghosts of Town-Franklin Tour" because of the reported sightings. The building later housed a candy company, and later, apartments.</p><br>
<p>The house was considered a Columbus landmark as early as 1951. Around July 1951, Kappa Kappa Gamma purchased the Snowden-Gray House from the state, reportedly for $1. It would serve as the organizations first headquarters, and it became known as the Kappa Kappa Gamma National Headquarters. The sorority previously held its "Central Office" in the Law and Finance Building downtown, from 1929 to 1952. At the time of purchase, the house was considered to be within walking distance of Downtown Columbus. The organization moved into the house in December 1952, and became the first Greek-letter womens organization to own and operate a headquarters. During the sorority&#39;s ownership of the house, the organization was actively involved in its upkeep and restoration. On February 11, 1965, the house faced a significant fire, which destroyed its catalogue and office machine rooms, its auditorium, and apartments. Smoke and water damaged numerous other rooms. The sorority set up a temporary office across the street, and decided to renovate and continue using the house, after considering other options. By summer 1966, the renovations were complete and the sorority moved back into the space.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the growing organization expanded into the neighboring house, the Town-Bartlit Building at 538 E. Town Street (built in 1844 as the Benjamin L. Kelly house, joined to a neighboring house around 1940 In 2018, real estate developer David Strause purchased the house to operate it as a rental space for private events, and to host weekly jazz shows. In 2018, the house was listed on Airbnb as a vacation rental, with options to rent sets of rooms from $100 to $300 per night, as well as an option to rent the entire house at a cost of $999 per night. After further renovation, five units were to be placed back up for rent. The business closed in 2021 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, attributing the pandemic&#39;s challenges and accompanying staffing issues.</p><br>
<p>Lowes Bridge is a covered bridge in a rural part of Guilford, Maine. Built in 1857, this bridge was washed away by the flood of April 1, 1987. A modern covered bridge, patterned after the original, was built on the original abutments in 1990. The replacement was built to have a larger load-capacity and was raised in order to prevent damage from future flooding.</p><br>
<p>The bridge, located just off Route 15 south of Guilford Village, has a clear span of 120 feet over the Piscataquis River.</p><br>
<p>Peter Mott House is an historic home that is the oldest standing residence in Lawnside, New Jersey. It was the home of Peter and Eliza Mott, a freed Black farmer, carpenter, pastor, and a "stationmaster" on the Underground Railroad. It is located in close proximity to Interstate 295, the New Jersey Turnpike, and the White Horse Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>What is now Lawnside, New Jersey has been a refuge to African Americans since the late 18th century. Methodist gatherings were established by 1797, and in 1811, Bishop Richard Allen of Philadelphia founded the local African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), which eventually became the Mount Pisgah AME Church today. AME churches were premised on abolition and civil rights, primarily serving former slaves and their descendants. It may be this church that drew the Motts to the area.</p><br>
<p>Records show that Peter Mott purchased his first lot in the newly founded community of Free Haven (now Lawnside) in 1844, just four years after Quaker abolitionists had set aside the land for an African American community.</p><br>
<h2>The Mott Family</h2><br>
<p>Born between 1800 and 1810, Peter Mott was a Black man likely born into slavery in Delaware to parents from Delaware and Maryland. He managed to escape and settle in present-day Camden County around 1830, marrying Eliza Thomas on November 2, 1833. Census records show no children. In the 1840 census, Mott was a free "person of color," aged 24-36, working as a farmer and living with a female, likely Elizabeth Ann Thomas. The 1850 census listed Mott as a 40-year-old laborer who was supposedly illiterate and born in New Jersey, alongside "Eliza Ann" Mott. The 1860 census is similar but does not list them as illiterate.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870 census (post-Civil War), Peter Mott, aged 60, was now listed as literate and owning real estate worth $1000, with a personal estate valued at $250. This suggests that he was among the wealthier residents of the town, then called Snow Hill. Notably, Peters birthplace was now recorded as Delaware, while Anns birthplace was listed as Virginia, both former slave-holding states.</p><br>
<p>Despite this, Motts literacy is evident from his signature on documents and his role as a minister, although Elizabeths "X" signature suggests she may indeed have been illiterate. Mistakes, reluctance, or secrecy could explain contradictions in these records. The fact that Mott&#39;s name does not appear in any New Jersey records until his marriage in 1833 raises the likelihood that he himself had once escaped to freedom via the Underground Railroad. This would provide further insight into why his literacy (like his birthplace) may have been downplayed or kept a secret prior to the Thirteenth Amendment.</p><br>
<p>Deeds from 1879 indicate that Peter sold his house to one Lewis Moore, but he is still listed in the 1880 census. This census, the last one conducted during Peter Mott&#39;s lifetime, records him as a widowed plaster mason. He died the following year due to valvular heart disease. He was laid to rest in the "Snow Hill Church" (Mount Pisgah) Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>The Underground Railroad</h2><br>
<p>The Underground Railroad was a loosely connected system of volunteers who helped runaway slaves escape to freedom. It was largely undocumented, but strong oral history in the Black community provides evidence of its existence.</p><br>
<p>According to oral testimony and local circumstantial evidence, the Motts were involved in the Underground Railroad and used their home in Snow Hill as a station. For example, local resident Doris Scott remembered that her grandmother recounted a story of Peter Mott taking fugitive slaves in his wagon to Quakers in Haddonfield and Moorestown. The credibility of this story is supported by the fact that Miss Scott&#39;s grandmother was a neighbor of Mott and attended the same church, but it is also circumstantial because it cannot be proved outright. As with so much of the Underground Railroad, there is intentionally little evidence left behind. However, from Snow Hill, the freedom seekers would have had several possible avenues of escape, with routes leading to Pennsauken, Haddonfield, and Evesham.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Peter Mott House is now the oldest standing residence in Lawnside, with current dimensions of approximately 15 by. It is a compact rectangular wooden structure with two stories and a gable roof, constructed in two phases around 1845 and 1870. The older part (southern side) features a full basement supported by brick and stone masonry foundation walls, while the newer section (northern side) has a shallow crawl space and brick foundation that maintains the original design. Inside, the house&#39;s interior corresponds to the unassuming exterior.</p><br>
<p>Following neglect since the last occupants passing in 1987, the house narrowly escaped demolition in 1992, when a Pennsylvanian developer purchased the land and received approval to construct 20 townhouses. Local residents united to form the Lawnside Historical Society, which commissioned a feasibility study to prevent the destruction. This ultimately led to the houses listing on National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places. The house is now owned and operated by the Lawnside Historical Society, who converted it into a local museum. The Peter Mott House is recognized on a national level as a sanctuary for the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The Moir Building, was formerly the Straford Hotel, and then in the 1930s named the St. James Hotel. It is a historic building located in downtown San Jose, California, next to the St. James Park. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as the Moir Building, located at 241 North 1st Street, this three-story brick structure was constructed by William Moir in 1893–1894 and named after him. Initially, it served as the home of the Straford Hotel. However, the name was later changed when the original St. James Hotel was razed in the 1930s. Since 1927, the Campen family has owned the building. The building was erected on the former California Theater site.</p><br>
<p>The developer, William Moir, undertook this construction project when he was a young entrepreneur in his early twenties. The building was strategically situated in the commercial district to the north of downtown. Historical records reveal that several tenants who resided in the flats above also operated businesses on the ground floor. Among these tenants was Moir himself, who ran a bicycle shop adjacent to the Board of Trade, which served as a precursor to the chamber of commerce. Moir also held the role of director within the Board of Trade.</p><br>
<p>The 30,000 ft&sup2; Moir Building stands as a three-story rectangular structure, crafted from brick and with sandstone, cast iron, and wood. The upper levels of this commercial and residential building are dominated by slanted bay windows and a rounded corner tower. The buildings primary facade faces eastward, featuring architectural detailing. Its dimensions are 107 ft in length by 76 ft in width. The buildings designer William D. Van Siclen was active as an architect in San Jose from 1892 until 1900.</p><br>
<p>The street-level facade is divided into six bays. There are sandstone piers with acanthus capitals situated at the southern end and the central section of the building. Additional divisions are marked by the presence of a sandstone arch, which serves as the entrance to the upper floors. This entrance underwent alterations before 1938. Between these arches and piers, there are four storefronts. Cast-iron columns define the original window layout for all the shops. The Romanesque entrance features three marble steps leading to double French-style doors with panes over panels. The upper-level facade is segmented into seven bays, featuring a rounded tower. Among these bays, four are distinguished by slanted bay windows. On the third floor, there are three sets of paired windows, rounded at the top. Decorative panels, dentils, and archivolt trim with elongated keystones have been incorporated. Above the cornice, a parapet encircles the flat roof and is capped with a string molding. The bracketed cornice, which includes a band of dentils above a plain frieze, serves as an ornamental frame housing the inscription "MOIR BUILDING" at its center.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the building went through a $1 million renovation, including a new heating and cooling system, skylights on the third-floor, and new windows in the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, a special-use permit was filed with the city of San Jose (SP22-025) to allow the re-use of the historic landmark building for Hillbrook School, a private school in Los Gatos. The high school with up to 300 students and 45 staff will be located in the Moir Building and the San Jose Armory building which is one block east. The school will lease the buildings for 25 years.</p><br>
<p>The CitiCenter Building is a historic high-rise building in Akron, Ohio. The eleven-story structure is the eleventh-tallest in the city, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1931 as a Young Women&#39;s Christian Association branch. The building was purchased by a developer in 1985. It then held the CitiCenter Athletic Club, which closed in 2018. The building also held multiple city departments, until vacating around 2018.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, a Cleveland-based developer purchased the building. The company then proposed it for redevelopment at a cost of $28 million, to create 95 apartments and three floors of office space. The building project won a $3 million state tax credit in 2020, allowing the project to begin.</p><br>
<p>The Newberry Boulevard Historic District is an architecturally and historically significant residential area that includes houses on both sides of East Newberry Boulevard, in the East Side district of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Newberry Boulevard was the first in what was meant to be a series of boulevards that would connect the citys parks, a project that was never completed. However, the early history of the street lacked uniformity in planning. The parts of four subdivisions, platted between 1888 and 1894, make up the boulevard. Caspar, Donohue, and Hoffs subdivision, which included two blocks at the western end of the boulevard, from Oakland Avenue to Murray Avenue, with the plat map recorded on August 7, 1888, including what was then Newberry Street. The Maryland Park subdivision, which included the two-block stretch from Murray to Maryland Avenue, was platted in 1889. The Prospect Hill subdivision, which included the four blocks from Downer Avenue to Lake Drive, was recorded on February 3, 1893. Edmund Cummings&#39;s Newberry Boulevard Addition, from Maryland to Downer, was the last section to be platted, on July 31, 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Selected houses</h2><br>
<p>The Sopchoppy Depot is a former railway station in Sopchoppy, Florida. It was constructed by the Carrabelle, Tallahassee and Georgia Railroad in 1894 and spurred development of the town. The rail line passed to the Georgia Florida and Alabama Railroad beginning in 1906. The Seaboard Airline Railroad took over the GF&A in 1927. Passenger service ceased in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Between 1901 and 1912, the station served as a terminus of the horse-drawn Panacea Tram connecting to the tourist town of Panacea, Florida with its mineral sorings.</p><br>
<p>St. Cloud Depot is a former railway station in St. Cloud, Florida. After the original station building failed to placate demand, the city petitioned for a new station be built on the site. The old building was moved north of the tracks and continued use as the local freight depot; the new passenger station was opened in May 1918. Passenger service ceased and the line was abandoned by the 1930s. The Veterans of Foreign Wars had taken over the building by 1943.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 31, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Southern Depot, now the Museum of West Louisiana, is a former railway station in Leesville, Louisiana. It was built by the Kansas City Southern Railway in 1916. It served as a combination of passenger station, freight station, and crew change point. The station was a busy shipping point during the Vernon Parish lumber boom in the early part of the 1900s. A local KCS train served the station into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The building was donated to Vernon Parish on May 20, 1982. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1984. It was converted into a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Roberto-Suñol Adobe, also known as the Roberto Adobe & Suñol House is a historic adobe dwelling located in San Jose, California, within the former Rancho Los Coches. The house was built in 1836 by Roberto Balermino , fourteen years before Californias admittance to the Union. Then in 1847, Spanish-born Antonio Suñol built the adjoining brick Suñol House. The California Pioneers of Santa Clara County, a non-profit organization, obtained this property with the intention of establishing a no-cost museum for the publics benefit. The adobe is a California Historical Landmark and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Clara County, California on March 17, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roberto Balermino (Tamien of the Ohlone tribe) built the one-story Roberto Adobe in 1836, on the Rancho Los Coches ("Ranch of the Pigs"), now the Midtown San Jose and Willow Glen neighborhoods of San Jose, California land grant property. The 2,219 acre of land was officially granted to Balermino by Governor Manuel Micheltorena in 1844. Balermino lived in the adobe structure with his family from 1836 until 1847.</p><br>
<p>Spanish-born businessman Don Antonio Suñol (1796–1865) obtained the Rancho Los Coches in 1847 from Balermino in payment of a debt. Suñol built the adjoining brick Suñol House in 1847. It was the first brick house to be completed in Alta California.</p><br>
<p>The adobe house became a California Historical Landmark in 1976, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Clara County, California on March 17, 1977. A historic marker, number 898, was erected in front of the Suñol House in 1977.</p><br>
<p>In 1853, the Suñol home and the adjacent ranch were sold to Captain Stefano Splivalo, a Dalmatian sea captain. Splivalo made several modifications to the property, including adding a second story, a balcony, and covering the brick walls with wooden siding. During the 1870s, he expanded the house with the addition of three eastern rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Splivalo family lived in the house for 40 years. After the Captain died in 1891, the house passed through several hands. In 1906, Julio Bassoni, an Italian immigrant, became the owner of the houses and the accompanying four-acre property. He, along with his descendants, maintained a traditional Willow Glen orchard on this land until 1966.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the Bruzzone family settled on Willow Street in San José. John Bruzzone Sr. eventually inherited the family business and became the owner of the land situated behind the adobe home site. It wasnt until 1973 that Bruzzone first encountered the adobe dwelling and Splivalos home, known as "Laura Ville." Recognizing the uniqueness of these structures, he dedicated time and resources to restore them. To accomplish this, he hired an adobe-architecture specialist Gilbert Sanchez, an architect, and a contractor. Together, they undertook a restoration of the Roberto Adobe & Suñol House. Their process involved lifting the second story off the first story, reinforcing the building with concrete and steel, and then placing the second story back onto the first. The restored buildings were officially reopened to the public in 1977. Subsequently, Laura Ville was leased for use as law offices, a role it served until 2012.</p><br>
<h3>California Pioneers of Santa Clara County</h3><br>
<p>The California Pioneers of Santa Clara County, a non-profit organization, established a no-cost Roberto Adobe & Suñol House Museum in August 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Southern Depot was a railway station in Mansfield, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Kansas City Southern Railway had laid tracks through the area in 1896 and established a station at Mansfield. A new station building was constructed in 1927, replacing an older structure on the site. A local KCS train served the town into the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>After passenger and freight service ended, KCS gifted the station to the city under the provision that it be used for some civic purpose. It was transferred to the DeSoto Parish Council for the Aging in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The 1927-built station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1989. It was delisted on January 31, 2019, after it was demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Hillside Historic District is a neighborhood located in Chehalis, Washington and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Hillside District is one of three NRHP neighborhoods in the city, including the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and the Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the beginning of the settlement of Saundersville, eventually to become known as Chehalis, the hillside was part of an original Donation Land Claim belonging to the founding family of Chehalis, the Saunders. Under ownership of Elizabeth "Eliza" Tynan Saunders Barrett after a divorce, Obadiah B. McFadden purchased half the claim when he moved the community. In the city&#39;s early history, the hill was used for pasture and orchard farming. A crab apple tree known as the Saunders Tree, originally located on Market and 4th Street, grew from a graft completed in 1870 by an unnamed Native American boy and Joseph Saunders, the youngest Saunders son.</p><br>
<p>The hill also became of use as a natural resource, including coal mining and timber production. In the early 20th century, the hill was used as a rock quarry during street construction in the city. Most of the timber land was owned by the Chehalis Land & Timber Company (CL&T) beginning in 1888; the company was a crucial part of the early platting of the hillside.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1888, the first streets built on the hillside were Adams, Jefferson, and Washington, named by the CL&T after the first presidents in the United States after the Washington territory was granted statehood. Early residential development began in 1890 but only a few homes, scattered amongst the hillside, had been built in a few years. The southern portion of the hillside was rapidly developed between 1905 and 1910. A replacement reservoir, constructed out of wood, was built in 1928 to provide water specifically for hillside residents. The holding area was capable of containing 100,000 USgal. The hill was a location of an wireless telegraphy station, operational and in use as late as 1909.</p><br>
<p>Pioneers and founding members of the city owned residences, or plots, on the hillside. The home for the matriarch of Chehalis, Eliza Saunders, was near the intersection of Market and Main Street. Approximately half of the lots on Washington Avenue were owned by William Muir Urquhart, a banker, merchant, and long-serving civil servant in the city. As the years passed into the Roaring Twenties, other notable persons, such as state senator A.E. Judd, continued the history of distinguished residents to call the hillside home.</p><br>
<p>Additional lots began to be partitioned in the late 1900s and 1910s for expansive residential use. By 1910, Coffman surveyed pasture land spanning towards the southern end of the district and platted 50 lots for sale. Sticklin was awarded permission for a tract on Washington Avenue in 1913. In the same year, the Sticklin addition was part of a major access improvement project with the Judd addition, which was near the St. Helens hospital; the efforts included sidewalks and paved roads. In 1921, Judd opened a 10 acre parcel around Adams Avenue that he combined via several tract purchases from of other preeminent landowners; he also built a home for himself. Judd began the construction of the curved Terrace Road in 1922 and residential development began soon thereafter. The road was paved and completed in 1923, allowing for access into the Sticklin addition, which was completely platted and considered open for residency the same year. The Sticklin tract was renamed as Fair Oaks Park in 1926 and extended from behind city hall on Market Street to the top of Park Hill. The connecting curved roads known as Highland Place and Hillside Drive, which parallels Terrace Road, were constructed and paved in 1927. An improved water line to residents was installed in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Hillside District was completed by the 1930s but as the neighborhood aged into the 1960s and 1970s, modern adaptations and changes to the community began to occur. The local power company, Lewis County Public Utility District, started to bury electric power lines for parts of the hillside area in 1969 and the beginning construction of apartment buildings took place in various parts of the historic neighborhood during the early 1970s. Due to a widening project on Market Street, the Saunders Tree was moved in 1968 to Henderson Park where it thrived at first, but the pioneer tree was reported as dead a year or two later. Cuttings were taken and planted at the Chehalis park system&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>Residents on the Hillside District created a petition in late 2005 against a Les Schwab Tire Center opposing a conditional use permit authorizing the company to store tires in cargo containers on a residential-zoned area on North Street. Negotiations with residents, including additional objection from the Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission, went on long enough that the permit expired in mid-2006; Led Schwab abandoned any further attempt.</p><br>
<h3>Accidents and incidents</h3><br>
<p>A minor place crash by a commercial pilot known as "Dare Devil" Smith occurred in 1924; other than a broken propeller, no injuries or damages to property were reported. After the Chehalis high school football team in 1926 soundly defeated their Centralia rivals in the annual Thanksgiving Swamp Cup by a score of 61 to 0, townspeople burned a large "C" on the hillside which was reported to be visible from miles around.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is located on the upslope of Park Hill and below the "Top-of-the-Hill" John Dobson and McFadden Parks. The neighborhood borders the Chehalis Downtown Historic District at its most northern reach and stretches south to 11th Street, a block short of Henderson Park. The district encompasses most of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson avenues, including various interconnecting streets. Within the confines of the Hillside Historic District is the Troop 373 and 7373 Scout Lodge, an NRHP-listed site.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Initial dwellings were built in a variety of styles. A majority of homes are of American Craftsman and Craftsman Bungalow styles, with a count of 37 bungalows in the neighborhood. Additional homes feature architectural construction in smaller numbers, including American colonial, American Foursquare, Dutch Colonial, French Eclectic, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival, and Victorian. A rarity in the city as a whole, a few homes in the Hillside District include turrets. Due to the upslope of the terrain, many homes have views of Chehalis, including its downtown historic district, as well as sightlines into the Chehalis Valley and of the Willapa Hills.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination included 141 homes in the district, though 81 additional buildings were excluded either due to alterations or age that did not meet NRHP requirements. The houses selected for inclusion were declared to have "structural honesty and historic integrity" and were noted for a variety of styles, such as American Craftsman, Tudor, and Late-Victorian. In partnership with a consultant and the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP), the city&#39;s historic preservation commission researched the history of the area. The district during its NRHP nomination process was subsequently nominated for historic status to the Washington State Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>Although the Hillside District during its early formation was home to the prominent or wealthy of Chehalis, the neighborhood was and is considered a mixed-socioeconomic residential area. Opulent homes, with some on large lots, are interspersed with simpler, working-class homes on smaller plats, an example being houses for millworkers located on Washington Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<h3>American Foursquare</h3><br>
<p>The Dr. Dow Home was built in the American Foursquare style in approximately 1904 and contains touches of Italianate architecture. Located on Washington Avenue, the house showcases a large porch, various exposed structural details, and a large bay window. A simpler foursquare dwelling is the Schmidt Home, a two-story construction from around 1924 on Hillside Drive. The house lacks dormers or a standard visual break between floors, but contains a Palladian window above the front door.</p><br>
<h3>Crafstman and Craftsman bungalow</h3><br>
<p>Significant Craftsman-style homes featured in the Hillside District are the Hotchkiss Home, a two-story gablefront house built circa 1912 on Washington Avenue. Known for its large gable, it features a balcony and lead glass windows. Another gable building, the story Baker House located on Adams Avenue, also contains a porch and lead glass casements, and features several distinctive dormers. Other examples include the 1910 Saunders Home, known for its cross-gable rood and the 1912 Scherer Home, noted for its covered porch and exposed rafters.</p><br>
<p>Two notable Craftsman Bungalows are the Henriot Home on Terrace, and the Smith Home, on Washington. The Henriot, built around 1923, is noted for its columned porch, gable structure, and exposed structural features. The Smith house is distinguished by a second, off-center gable.</p><br>
<h3>Tudor</h3><br>
<p>Eleven Tudor-style homes are recorded in the Hillside District. A prominent dwelling of this style is the 2-story Ellington Home on Washington. Constructed with an asymmetrical roofline in approximately 1930, it features terra cotta siding and two connected gables on the front of the home. Another example is the Bishop Home on Terrace, built circa 1928. Recognized for its cross-gable roof and multiple dormers, it&#39;s also highlighted by the patterned siding on the second level.</p><br>
<h3>Vernacular architecture</h3><br>
<p>Several Vernacular architecture buildings, homes constructed based on a broad and mixed scope of architectural and construction styles, are listed with the Hillside District&#39;s NRHP designation. Of note is the Cory Home situated on Washington, built for Arthur Cory, a banker and state representative. Constructed in 1925, the two-story structure is known for its original interior details, covered front porch, and windows, one of which includes a pediment. The home was sold to the Lewis County Historical Society and Museum in 1965 for use to house artifacts from the early pioneer days in the region but became of use as a residence years afterwards. A second notable house of this type is the Boone Home, also located on Washington. Constructed around 1925 for a Chehalis mortuary owner, John Boone, the home is the only known dwelling of Mediterranean Revival architecture in the district. Most of the original style has been lost, but the stucco home features parapets at the flat roofline.</p><br>
<h3>Victorian and Queen Anne</h3><br>
<p>Various homes that fall under the Queen Anne-Victorian architectural style include one of the oldest homes in the city, the T.C. and Anna Rush house. Built in 1890 on Washington, the Rush family were prominent developers of the early Chehalis Downtown Historic District. The home originally was detailed with gingerbread trim. The Rush house contains a turret and is recognized for its sunburst motif, large gable, and covered porch with turned columns.</p><br>
<p>The Dieckmann Home was built before 1893 and additions to the dwelling up to 1912 created a Queen Anne-style look. The two-story home was built for gold prospector, Charles Dieckmann. Similar to the Rush Home, the Dieckmann house contains a turret and asymmetrical roof, and is noted for its partial wrap-around front porch</p><br>
<p>The mansion known as the Burnett House is situated on Northeast Cascade Avenue. Constructed in 1894, it eventually became owned by Morris Burnett, a prominent proprietor of an established jewelry store in the downtown district during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The home was heavily restored after being purchased by the Barkis family after they moved to Chehalis in the late 1960s. The two-story house has a turret and once contained a second. It also features curved windows and contains a living room that is over 1,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>A Queen Anne-style home known as the Marietta Manor, is situated on Jefferson Avenue. Known for its columned, warp-around porch and bay windows, the home was built of old growth lumber in 1899.</p><br>
<p>A Victorian home of note is the Kirk House, which hosted the Nkhoma family of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Nkhoma Synod in 1999.</p><br>
<h3>Other styles</h3><br>
<p>A rare English cottage-style home in the city is the Ribelin Home on Adams. Designed by architect Jacque “Jack” DeForest Griffin, noted for his work in the Chehalis Downtown District, the home was for A.L. Ribelin, a manager of the citys J.C. Penneys. The two-story stucco dwelling has a simulated thatch roof, various window details included arched casements and stained-glass, and two gables. During the construction, a home to members of the Urquhart family had to be moved across the street to accommodate the new, larger dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The dwelling known as the Melin house, built in 1924, was renovated to its original layout.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing buildings</h3><br>
<p>The St. Helens Hospital, with an annex designed by influential Chehalis architect, Jacque “Jack” DeForest Griffin, is located centrally in the district on Washington Avenue and 4th Street but is not included under the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<h2>Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission</h2><br>
<p>The district hosts several homes recognized by the Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission (CHPC). The commission recognizes historical value and the subsequent preservation of homes and buildings in the city. Homes honored with the designation receives a brass plaque that denotes the year of construction and the name of either the architect or original owner of the house.</p><br>
<p>Homes in the district given recognition from the CHPC include the Boone Home, Burnett Mansion in 1992, Marietta Manor, a Craftsman bungalow and Craftsman cottage on Washingon Avenue in 1993, the Melin house in 2000, and Rush Home.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and recreation</h2><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century, Chehalis had grown large enough that residents began to require parks for leisure activities. An addition of parks was also to be seen as a symbol for the city&#39;s growth and prosperity. Editorials, as early as 1903, listed the hillside as an attractive option for a park. Work on a donated 14 acre tract that became Dobson Park began in 1914 and included extensive plans for a road over the hill, the inclusions of a waterfall system to the reservoir, and was to have a tennis court.</p><br>
<p>Dobson Park became associated with McFadden Park and the pair, situated next to each other, became known as the "Top-of-the-Hill" parks. The 28 acre McFadden Park began in 1912 after land on the hillside was donated to the city in memory of Obadiah McFadden. Mostly unimproved for decades, the grounds were rededicated in 1945 and had been outfitted in the following years with a covered kitchen, picnic areas, and playgrounds. A main road around the rim of the hilltop and a water filtration plant for the city was constructed in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The top-of-the-hill parks are technically considered closed by the city of Chehalis due to maintenance and vandalism difficulties but residents continue to use the parks, especially for hiking.</p><br>
<p>The parks are joined by a looped trail, the 1.3 mi Dobson-McFadden Trail. The trailhead is located at the Troop 373 and 7373 Scout Lodge.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District is a neighborhood located in Chehalis, Washington and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places  since 1991. The district is one of three NRHP neighborhoods in the city, including the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and the Hillside Historic District. The city of Chehalis recognizes a much broader and expansive historic district, known under such monikers as the Historic West Side or the Westside neighborhood, with the inclusion of several other homes and streets.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood began in the 1880s and was mostly built up by 1915. Early, prominent members of the Chehalis community platted, built, and resided in the historic district. Residences were constructed in a variety of architectural styles with American Foursquare, Craftsman, and Late-Victorian the most numerous or notable of homes. The area is known for its ornamental street lamps, first installed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The district was once home to the West Side School, which was destroyed in an earthquake in 1949, and is home to Westside Park. The O. K. Palmer House, an NRHP-listed home, is located within the Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District was originally owned by several prominent members of the Chehalis Land & Timber Company (CL&T), including the Coffman and Donahoe families, Daniel Millett of Millett Field, Chehalis civil servant William Muir Urquhart, and William West, namesake of W. F. West High School. West, along with the CL&T, platted the area between 1888 and 1906 and the NRHP neighborhood was considered mostly complete by 1915.</p><br>
<p>By the 1900s, the district was already regarded by residents as the "fashionable avenue par excellence" of the city. The neighborhood was of such architectural and social importance to the community that the Chehalis Bee-Nugget newspaper in 1915 printed a book-length commemorative photograph issue to showcase the district. A 1920s program by the citys Better Home Premises committee, which awarded residences for beautiful lawns, mentioned the Pennsylvania-West Side areas abundant lots and specifically noted several homes in the district. The first official grand prize went to the Schuss Home on Pennsylvania Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The first recognized hospital in Chehalis was built by Dr. Guy W. Kennicott in 1903 at Prindle and State in the expanded city definition of the district. During the early morning hours on August 9, 1952, a fire broke out at the shake-and-shingle Perma Products plant north of the district boundaries on Pennsylvania Avenue, destroying the manufacturing plant. The $750,000 loss began after an electrical spark ignited a tank of naphtha, causing an immediate explosion. The blaze did not spread and there was no reported loss of life.</p><br>
<p>The heavily-used intersection of West and Pennsylvania marks the district but did not contain any type of traffic stop until the installation of a four-way stop in 1954. Continuing safety concerns led to the addition of street markings and larger stop signs in 1974. A traffic calming roundabout was added to the junction in 2007. Constructed also as a means to highlight the historic area, the space contained a welcome sign to the neighborhood that was funded by efforts of the Westside Chehalis Neighborhood Association. The sign was destroyed in a hit-and-run incident in December 2023 but a metal replacement marker was added in September 2024.</p><br>
<h3>Infrastructure history</h3><br>
<p>Infrastructure improvements in the district included the first sewer installation, a stoneware pipe system, in 1900. Additional sewer lines were added beginning in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Avenue was a plank road at the time and was replanked in 1901. In 1907, the Chehalis Citizen&#39;s Club led efforts to grade and lay down a crushed rock roadway in parts of the district. Plans in 1913 to pave the Westside included the additions of a center parking strip to Pennsylvania Avenue. Despite protests from district homeowners over costs and size of the new roads, the streets in the district were completely paved, either by asphalt or concrete, by 1914. West Street was repaved with a concrete base and curbing in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Early sidewalks were considered to be in poor shape by 1901, leading to several repairs ordered by the city or undertaken by residents in the district. By city ordinance, bicyclists at the time could be fined between $1 and $25 if caught riding on the sidewalks in the district at too high a speed or if West Side School was in session. A sidewalk connecting the district to the Northern Pacific Depot was undertaken in 1909. Sidewalk improvements were ordered again in 1922 and 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The NRHP district is considered residential and is located due west of the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and east of Interstate 5. Encompassing three blocks on Pennsylvania Avenue, the district also incorporates the 600 block on NW St. Helens Avenue, two recognized homes on Gertrude Street, and one property each on Quincy Place and West Street. The neighborhood is bordered directly east of Westside Park and within the confines of the Pennsylvania-Westside District is the O. K. Palmer House, an NRHP-listed site. Into the 1920s, the district bordered a small lake located behind the West Side School; the body of water was proposed to be used as a town landfill in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The city of Chehalis has an expanded district boundary usually referred to as the Historic West Side or as the Westside district or neighborhood. The city defined district includes homes to the western border at the interstate and south to Prindle Street. The northern limit expands beyond Vine Street and meanders east to Rhode Island Place and up to State Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Most of the significant properties recognized by the NRHP are located on the west side of Pennsylvania Avenue and are distinguished by large, ornate homes built on spacious properties, some recognized for their detailed landscaping. The expansive residences and substantial property are markedly different than the surrounding neighborhood which are often smaller in scale. The contrast is most notable on Prindle Street, which borders the Pennsylvania-West Side neighborhood. Prindle contains mill worker cottages that housed early working-class families in the city.</p><br>
<p>The district is notable for its street lamps. An extensive network of lamp posts were added beginning in 1929. In 1969, after the lights suffered a wire issue leading to a neighborhood blackout of the lamp posts, the city reported the system to be "deteriorated beyond repair". Residents unanimously approved of keeping all 48 ornamental lights and several fixes were undertaken via a local improvement district, temporarily installing mercury-vapor lamps until repairs were completed. By the turn of the 21st century, most of the lamp posts were again inoperable and in need of refurbishing but renovations and maintenance to repair the lighting was begun via fundraising in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Homes within the NRHP district combine a variety of styles, including American Foursquare and Craftsman bungalow, with a majority being American Craftsman. Several homes of note were built under a transitional Late-Victorian style and two homes are classified as being 1920s Revivalism. The dominating, larger homes are often two or more stories, with story houses, usually of cottage and bungalow classifications, filling out the rest of the neighborhood. Most homes are built on brick or stone foundations and all dwellings are constructed with wood-framing and contain touches of the era. These include various types of siding such as clapboard, drop, and/or shingle and architectural features such as dominant roofs, brick and masonry chimneys, gables, front-entry and wrap-around porches, and extended eaves; bracketing and vergeboards are common. While many homes contain ornate touches of the early 20th century, including interior examples such as ornamented fireplaces, exposed purlins and rafters, original cabinetry, and wainscotting, simplicity exists in most homes, especially in regards to such areas as casements and porch columns and railings.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination in 1991 included 31 homes and 20 garages in the district, though 5 additional buildings were excluded either due to alterations or age that did not meet NRHP requirements. One of the recognized homes had been converted into an apartment house but allowed as the building kept its original style. The houses selected for inclusion were noted for a variety of styles, such as American Craftsman and Bungalow, Victorian, and turn-of-the-century revival styles. Some outbuildings, such as garages, were included as the construction often mirrored the form, use of materials, and details of the main house.</p><br>
<p>Due to the mostly untouched nature of the neighborhood, the NRHP listing considered the homes in the district to retain "considerable integrity from the historic period" and contain visible, and original, historic architectural features, such as exterior details, layouts, roof lines, and window casements.</p><br>
<p>The area was also recognized as of historic significance due to the number of early 20th century businessmen, investors, and civil servants who helped to shape the early days of Chehalis. Such notable pioneers include John Dobson, a banker and mayor of the city, and Francis Donahoe, a real estate investor also credited with early platting in the district. Families of the early founders of the Pennsylvania neighborhood continued to live in the district for decades.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed with the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) as a protected and historic area within the state. By 1996, the Pennsylvania-Westside neighborhood was one of only 20 to 30 such areas in the state, and the only one in Lewis County.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, residents of the district formed a non-profit group known as the Westside Chehalis Neighborhood Association, focusing on protecting historic Pennsylvania-West Side. The effort was spurred by an attempted rezoning in the district and a potentially intrusive widening project of Interstate 5. A 1987 environmental impact statement (EIS) regarding I-5 took into account Chehalis Westside properties near the interstate margins. The EIS found that homes, especially on Maryland Avenue which borders I-5, were architectural examples seen throughout the district. The structures and their history, however, were found to be lacking in several historical aspects, including ties to historical events and people, and were found to have insufficient "high artistic value" and connections to known architects.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>During the NRHP nomination process, many homes were found to lack documentation for exact construction dates though research was able to narrow down to certain timeframes, using Sanborn maps and referencing city directories to verify ownership or occupancy. Unless otherwise noted, dates of construction are approximate.</p><br>
<h3>American Foursquare</h3><br>
<p>The cubist-style American Foursquare home is exemplified by the Osmer K. Palmer House at 673 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Itself an NRHP-listed home, the house is a massive, boxy footprint and contains several distinct roof and window features. Another foursquare on the 600 block of Pennsylvania is the William Brunswig House, owned by the proprietor of the Brunswig Grand Opera House. The dwelling is highlighted by its windows, hip roof, and front entry and porch.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial Revival</h3><br>
<p>An architectural continuation of American Foursquare, the best example of the Colonial Revival style is the Abraham L. Coffman House at 565 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Built by Augustine Donahoe, the 40 foot symmetrical home was begun to be constructed in 1903 and finished by 1907, and was originally planned to contain 4 bedrooms and a basement. It features a pediment and Tuscan column front porch. A.L. Coffman purchased the residence from Donahoe in 1907 for $10,000. A gambrel roof dwelling known as the John Denhof House also follows Colonial Revival architecture. Situated at 565 NW Pennsylvania, it contains cornice returns, gable dormers, and a mixed shingle and clapboard exterior. The property once contained a previous home owned by Denhof, which was moved after he sold it in 1907 to build the newer structure. A two-story Colonial Revival home built by Denhof resides at 584 Pennsylvania and is known for its massive gambrel roofline.</p><br>
<h3>Craftsman and Craftsman bungalow</h3><br>
<p>The most popular style in the district, a prime example of the Craftsman architectural movement is the Edgar A. Frost House located at 461 Pennsylvania Avenue. The two-story home, built beginning in 1906, includes intersecting gables with ornamentation, a sheltered front porch, and banded windows. The garage is built in the same style. The Alonzo E. Rice House, which includes a veranda and decorated gables, is located at 682 NW St. Helens Avenue. The John Loughran House at 621 NW Quincy Place features a shingle and clapboard exterior with a sandstone chimney. The house of noted pioneer Daniel Millett, at 495 NW Pennsylvania, is one of the more elaborate Craftsman homes in the district, containing a hip roof with additional features similar to that of Prairie School architecture. A modest Craftsman, unnamed but located at 637 NW St. Helens, is an overall example of the style, encompassing the uses of a broad porch, roof braces and rafters, and multiple-light banded windows.</p><br>
<p>Bungalows are pervasive in the district with examples including the John Miles-Alanson A. Hull House at 666 NW St. Helens. The home contains the essential characteristics and details of the Craftsman bungalow style, with a gable structure, overhanding eaves, a broad front porch, and a large dormer window. A bungalow-cottage, with a matching garage, known as the Gus Thracker House is situated at 640 Pennsylvania and features motifs in the Colonial Revival style, including Tuscan columns, a boxed cornice, and a decorative frieze. It was estimated to have been built between 1896 and 1905. The John B. Coffman House is the largest bungalow in the district and also one of the last of its style to be built. The story home located at 761 NW West Street features several roof forms, including jerkinhead, over projecting wings of the house.</p><br>
<p>Several homes in the district were built by the Coffman family. The Daniel Coffman House at 647 NW St. Helens is considered one of the best examples of a Craftsman bungalow in the district. Built circa 1905 to 1912, the residence features a low-pitched gable roofline with several small dormer windows, and contains a deep and expansive front porch. Located on the property is the Coffman Barn, built and owned by Noah B. Coffman, a prominent Chehalis businessman in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The round, three-level structure was built beginning approximately in 1902 and was noted for its engineering in regards to sanitation, including its sewer and air flow systems. Measuring 40 ft in diameter and 45 ft tall, it was constructed for multiple use as a dairy barn, a stable, and as a garage for early motor carriages. The barn once contained a hayloft and silo. The site also contains a basement and additional cellar which were purposed for dairy production. The domed roof holds several dormers and cupola., the building is one of 14 round barns existing in the state, and the only one residing in an NRHP-listed district.</p><br>
<p>The George L. and Lillian Marsh at 723 Pennsylvania, the youngest home recognized in the district, was built in 1929. The two-story Craftsman, with garage, rests on a rectangular footprint and is noted for its windows. George Marsh was a prominent timber and sawmill proprietor.</p><br>
<p>Several other Craftsman and Craftsman bungalow homes on Pennsylvania Avenue are listed on the NRHP. In the 400 block is the Herbert Sieler House, built after 1916, that sits at the entrance of the district. In the 500 block are the homes of Andrew Bickford, built between 1905 and 1912, and known for its windows and porch, and a two-story house with garage owned by James Urquhart, son of William, that was constructed during 1905 and 1912. On the 600 block is a one-story bungalow and garage, built between 1916 and 1924, featuring decorative vergeboards and drop siding. Additionally on the block is the home and garage of city treasurer Frank J. Allen, built as early as 1908, containing original double-hung windows and corner front porch, and the Craftsman story Edmund Duffield-Charles Mitchell House and garage, built during a similar timeframe that features shed roof dormers. The 700 block of Pennsylvania Avenue contains a one-story bungalow with a gable entry front porch.</p><br>
<p>Additional Craftsman-style homes on St. Helens Avenue include the ornamental gabled residence of Edward Whitmarsh, president of the Chehalis Mattress Factory, which was built in the mid-1910s and a two-story Craftsman owned by William West owned home built between 1905 and 1912 known for its triple-panel second-floor window and expansive hip roof front porch.</p><br>
<h3>Late-Victorian</h3><br>
<p>The best example of Late-Victorian architecture in the district is the New World Queen Anne Revival architecture-styled William West House at 554 NW Pennsylvania Avenue. Built by West in the 1890s, the house, along with the dwelling of Dr. Henri Pettit at 649 NW Pennsylvania, features distinct Victorian flourishes, including asymmetry, projecting building elements, and a variety of rooflines and ornamentation. The restrained Late-Victorian style is more noticeable at the Noah Coffman House at 675 NW St. Helens Avenue, where the building is more symmetrical and organized despite the various bays and roof styles. The home, built in 1884 and considered the second oldest residence in the city after the O. B. McFadden House, shared the round carriage barn of the next door Daniel Coffman House.</p><br>
<p>Other Late-Victorian homes located in the 400-500 block of Pennsylvania Avenue include two story, pre-1896 constructed homes, an unnamed cottage featuring a matching garage and a Queen Anne-style story, double-gabled winged house with ornate bargeboards and a wrapping veranda. A larger story home, and a garage, built by George Bingham in 1892 and owned by William West resides at 554 Pennsylvania and contains numerous decorations, a curved veranda, and distinct architectural details including a central hip roof and gable wings.</p><br>
<h3>Period Revival</h3><br>
<p>Two homes contain the architectural style of 1920s Period Revivalism. The home of most note is the Jacque "Jack" DeForest Griffin-designed dwelling located at 687 NW Gertrude Street. Known as the Carroll L. Brown House, it was built in 1926 and contains elements from English and French revival architecture. Two garages on the property are considered contributing buildings on the NRHP listing. The residence replaced the home of early Chehalis businessman, Frank Everett. Next door is an English Cottage-style residence known as the George and Hazel Sears House. Built as a wedding gift for their daughter, it was constructed in 1924 by Carroll Brown. The two-story home contains a steep pitched roof and is highlighted by pronounced gables and a front portico. George Sears was a prominent businessman and a city commissioner.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing properties</h3><br>
<p>A home owned by William Urquhart, built beginning in 1900, resides in the district at 525 NW Pennsylvania Avenue but due to its heavily modified nature, the home is not listed under the NRHP. Another home heavily modified and not included is a Craftsman home at 634 NW St. Helens, though the dwelling was renovated in the early 2000s closer to its original state.</p><br>
<p>Homes located outside of the NRHP boundary but located within the expanded Chehalis district is the Forney Home, located on Folsom Avenue and built in 1900. Measuring 3,700 ft&sup2; with six bedrooms, the residence has remained in "near mint condition" and contains original carpentry. The French-style country home of early Chehalis lumber magnate Harrison B. Pearne was built in 1923 on Ohio Avenue. The residence contains over 300 windows from the original build. Several homes on Maryland Avenue, bordering the interstate, are mostly of various Craftsman construction and built around the turn of the 20th century. A simplified Queen Anne home built by at least 1908 resides on the street. Most homes on Maryland are modified, or considered lacking characteristics, for inclusion into a federal or state register.</p><br>
<h3>Extinct homes</h3><br>
<p>The Dewey Long House, built in 1889, was one of the earliest homes constructed in the neighborhood. Located at the intersection of New York and Folsom, the unoccupied residence was lost to a fire in February 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission</h2><br>
<p>The district hosts several homes recognized by the Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission (CHPC). The commission recognizes historical value, and the subsequent preservation, of homes and buildings in the city. Buildings honored with the designation receive a brass plaque that denotes the year of construction and the name of either the architect or original owner of the home.</p><br>
<p>A two-story home located on Gertrude Street was given one of the earliest CHPC honors in the district in 1993. Recognition by the commission was awarded in 2000 to the Noah Coffman House on St. Helens Avenue; the residence was restored beginning in 1992. The homes of George and Hazel Sears and George L. and Lillian Marsh were recognized by the CHPC in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Artworks</h2><br>
<p>At the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and West Street is a rainbow painted fence known as the Chehalis Friendship Fence. The artwork, located on a homeowner property, was first created in 2020 and is a show of support of LGBTQ+ people and their rights. The fence has been vandalized twice. The first occasion, done by unknown individuals, occurred in June 2023 during an overnight spree that targeted several other gay pride spots and groups in the city. The second act, occurring in February 2024, was done by three, non-Chehalis individuals with connections to hate groups. The perpetrators splashed the artwork with black paint but did not finish the destruction after being spotted by a neighbor who chased them down in a vehicular pursuit. Found guilty of misdemeanor malicious mischief, the trio were acquitted by jury on hate crime charges. In both instances, neighbors and volunteers helped to repaint and repair the fence.</p><br>
<p>A mural, located at the United Natural Foods plant between Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side and the Chehalis Downtown Historic District, is known as Lewis County’s Legacy in Agriculture. The painting, which highlights the history of crops and farming in the city, was completed in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Maintaining the historic aspects of the district, as well as the planning of celebratory events, has been overseen by a volunteer organization known as the Westside Chehalis Neighborhood Association (WCNA). From 1999 to 2004, the WCNA held a candlelight walking event known as the Holiday Home Tour in the district usually during early December. The tour has been briefly revived at times, including in 2010. Several homes were open to the public during the tour and visitors provided with holiday-themed foods and entertained with various forms of live music.</p><br>
<h2>Westside Park</h2><br>
<p>Due to the 1910 fire at the West Side School, the Westside Park could not be included in the NRHP designation due to a loss of paperwork necessary for historical evaluation.</p><br>
<h2>West Side School</h2><br>
<p>The district, before its NRHP designation, was home to the West Side School that was first built at a cost of $7,500 in 1894 on property owned by Daniel Millett. The schoolhouse was located originally on the south side of West Street between New York and Ohio avenues on the site of Westside Park. The public grade school was noted for the loss of its well-respected principal, Ira (Asa) Whittaker, who died during the 1908 school year after accidentally shooting himself during a hunting trip to Klaber.</p><br>
<p>A fire occurred on February 9, 1910 that decimated the institution; the school collapsed during the blaze and had an estimated loss of $15,000. The fire was due to arson, set by at least six young men from neighboring Centralia. The perpetrators, mostly teenagers, were originally arrested for stealing chickens and further questioning led officials to their involvement of the blaze. The school was rebuilt into a two-story, eight-room building that year, designed by architect C. Louis Wilson, at a cost of over $26,000. The new concrete and brick school, built to face the downtown core, had a larger footprint which required the purchase of a section of the existing Westside Park that bordered the site. With help from the student body, over 200 rose bushes were planted on the grounds in 1917 and the schoolhouse expanded to 12 rooms in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Enrollment numbers in 1915 recorded that almost half of the 1,000 students in Chehalis attended West Side. By 1921, the number dipped to 397 but a continuing increase in students within the city necessitated several changes to the school in 1922. A play shed was built as the schoolhouse had almost been entirely used for classrooms and a city ordinance was introduced declaring that only students west of the railroad tracks operated by Northern Pacific Railway could attend the West Side School. A larger covered play area, 60 x in size, was added to the grounds in 1925. After the build of the Cascade Elementary school in 1922, the student population continued to decrease at West Side and the school no longer offered classes above sixth grade. Despite a city-wide increase in student enrollment in 1930, attendance had fallen to 184 pupils at West Side. During the 1933 school year, budget shortfalls during the Great Depression led to the school to suffer deep cuts to its budget, including a 20% reduction in teacher salaries and the loss of half of the building&#39;s heating output. Attendance numbers dropped further, recording 154 students in the 1936 schoolyear. After the schoolhouse in Claquato burned down in January 1937, the Chehalis School District invited Claquato students to attend West Side; the city of Chehalis paid for transportation costs and offered all amenities to the new pupils. Students from the Logan Hill district, east of the rail tracks, began attending West Side in 1940. Notwithstanding the dwindling enrollment numbers, the school was considered overcrowded during its tenure.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, the first cherry tree was planted on the grounds during a Washington state bicentennial ceremony. The site was overhauled in a 1938 project undertaken by the Works Progress Administration. The play shed was remodeled to include a basketball court and areas for gymnastics. A playground with two ballfields, a tennis court, an outdoor basketball court, and play equipment were completed.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was severely damaged during the 1949 Olympia earthquake and was demolished. The site of the West Side School was put up for sale by the school district in 1952, advertised for potential use as lots for homes.</p><br>
<p>The O. K. Palmer House is the historic home of Osmer K. Palmer and is located in Chehalis, Washington. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1986 and is situated in the city&#39;s NRHP-listed Pennsylvania Avenue-West Side Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Osmer K. Palmer and his wife purchased the property, which had an existing home, in 1908 from Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Miller. Palmer rebuilt the historic home beginning in 1910 and was near completion by the end of 1911. The construction costs were recorded as $6,000. The Palmers expanded the lot after purchasing an adjoining parcel at the Pennsylvania-Folsom intersection in 1920. Four years later in 1924, Palmer traded the entire parcel and home to T.J. Long, for the Long&#39;s house further down Pennsyvlania Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The house won a $5 third-place prize in the 1927 Chehalis Better Home Premises contest. A renovation, done by homeowners at the time, was completed in 1999.</p><br>
<h3>Osmer K. Palmer</h3><br>
<p>Osmer Palmer was born in Indiana in 1872, arriving from Tennessee to Chehalis in 1906. He owned a catalogue-based, pre-built home business, expanding it in 1919. He founded the Palmer Lumber and Manufacturing Company in Chehalis in 1908. The lumber company factory burned down in 1911 but Palmer had it rebuilt the following year, enlarging the footprint in 1925., the company remains in existence.</p><br>
<p>Palmer served as a school board director for the Chehalis School District, and during the Great War, was chairman of the Chehalis Council of Defense.</p><br>
<p>The Palmers had three children. His only son, Leon, while attending an aviation training camp as an enlisted student, died of pneumonia in 1918. Osmer Palmer died in 1952.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and features</h2><br>
<p>The home is a story, American Foursquare style residential structure. Following standard Foursquare design, the house rests upon a squared, sandstone foundation and contains a basement. The Palmer House contains a large front porch with several broad pillars. Other features include bay windows, a hipped roof and dormers, and distended eaves.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was officially accepted to the NRHP list on May 15, 1986., the Palmer House was one of eleven NRHP sites in the city of Chehalis.</p><br>
<p>The O.K. Palmer House was awarded recognition as a historic, renovated home by the city of Chehalis via its Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission. The accolade, given in 2006, lists the home as a crucial part of the history of the city and a plaque, denoting the original build and important restoration dates, is displayed on the house.</p><br>
<p>The Scout Lodge, also known as the Troop 373 and 7373 Scout Lodge, is located in Chehalis, Washington in the Hillside Historic District. Constructed by the Works Progress Administration  beginning in 1937, the lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places  in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Scout Lodge was built by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) beginning in 1937 and was open for use in April 1938. One of the first events was an awards program for Girl Scout troops in Chehalis. An official dedication was held on October 4, 1938 and the keynote speaker was George B. Simpson, a Washington state supreme court judge.</p><br>
<p>Before the lodge was constructed, Chehalis scout troops often met at various other locales, including the Centralia High School, the Chehalis city hall, and the NRHP-listed St. Helens Hotel. During World War II, a caretaker family lived in the upstairs portion of the cabin. After the 1949 Olympia earthquake, students from the city&#39;s Chehalis High School finished the 1950 school year by attending classes at the lodge. Beginning in 1942-1943 and lasting until 1953, the Apostolic Faith Church of Chehalis used the Scout Lodge for services while the congregation built a new church.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the local scout troops were accused of misusing the lodge. An investigation found that an outside troop had used the hall for purposes other than scouting; the city ordered only scouting events could be held at the lodge in 1961. The city, which owned the cabin, proposed placing oversight of the Scout Lodge under the Chehalis parks department in 1964.</p><br>
<p>A campfire spread to burn 2 acre behind the lodge in 1974. The Scout Lodge was reported as "little-used" by 1975 and was considered for use as an instruction center for folk art and music. The plans did not materialize as local residents in the Hillside District voiced concerns over a lack of parking space. By the mid-1990s, the lodge was described as "run-down" with severe damages to the walls in the building. During a flood that began in late 1996, the Scout Lodge was used as a temporary Red Cross shelter, protecting almost 40 people.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations and repairs</h3><br>
<p>The lodge underwent various renovations or repairs repeatedly over the course of its existence, beginning in 1952 with the replacement of a plank sidewalk. In coordination, a retaining wall was built to hold back a long-standing issue of a dirt embankment behind the cabin which had begun reach the building. Floors were replaced and other repairs undertaken in 1958, exceeding the budgeted funds. Due to concerns of falling trees, the forested area behind the cabin in Dobson Park was thinned and parts replanted with flowering species. A gas line was installed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>As part of earning the rank of Eagle Scout, two members of the Chehalis troop recognized the dilapidated state of the cabin and painted the building in 2000. Along with several volunteers, the 264-hours combined project also included the painting of the lodge sign. Multiple repairs and upgrades to the Scout Lodge occurred in 2020 that included a new flag pole and water intrusion prevention into the building.</p><br>
<h3>Troops 373 and Troop 7373 history</h3><br>
<p>The Troop 373 boy scout group was officially formed in 1968 after a charter backed by a local Rotary club. The group held a 50-year anniversary at the lodge in 2018, noting that 125 members of the troop had achieved the rank of Eagle Scout since the charter began.</p><br>
<p>The Troop 7373 girl scout group, one of the first all-female troops formed in Lewis County, began in 2019 after the Boy Scouts of America (Scouts BSA), began to accept girl troops into its ranks. Two Chehalis girls achieved the first Eagle Scout rank by a girl troop member in 2020. Part of an overall inaugural class for girl scouts under the Scouts BSA, the level of Eagle Scout usually takes several years to earn.</p><br>
<p>Earlier existing Girl Scout troops and Brownies in the city and county held day camps at the Scout Lodge during the mid-20th century. A Brownie award event at the cabin in 1956 featured a blackface performance by the young girls.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and features</h2><br>
<p>The Rustic architecture-style story lodge is 58 x in size and is built on a concrete foundation. The exterior walls contain a mix of cedar shingle and brick. The most striking feature of the lodge is a red brick chimney situated in the middle of the front gable. The cabin contains several multiple-light casement windows. The roof was originally cedar shake but converted to a metal roof around 1983. The double-door entrance is under a covered porch and a second entrance is situated on the opposite end of the building. The interior contains a basement converted into a meeting space and the main meeting hall, covered in pine paneling and hosting a stage, is situated on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The land is sloped and the site contains a granite-rubble retaining wall. The building is situated on slightly landscaped grounds surrounded by a forest and park setting featuring Douglas fir and oak trees.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Owned by the city of Chehalis, the building is communally used by both the Chehalis boys and girls scout troops. The historic site has hosted functions for the city and the local Civil Air Patrol. The lodge was noted for its rustic style often used by the WPA during the Great Depression and its association with similar styles long used in federal park and recreation buildings.</p><br>
<h2>John Dobson Park</h2><br>
<p>John Dobson Park is located on Park Hill directly above and behind the Scout Lodge. The lodge is sometimes reported or considered to be a part of the park.</p><br>
<p>The park would be consistently listed for years as undeveloped. John Dobson Park was formally dedicated in July 1933 and a community recreational building with playgrounds were constructed at the park during the WPA build of the lodge.</p><br>
<p>A steep 1.3 mi long trail, the Dobson-McFadden, is accessible at the Scout Lodge.</p><br>
<p>The St. Helens Hotel, also known as the St. Helens Inn, is located in Chehalis, Washington and has been registered on the National Register of Historic Places  since 1991. The historic hotel is situated on the south end of the Chehalis Downtown Historic District, an NRHP-listed district.</p><br>
<p>The first St. Helens Hotel was a wooden inn built in the late 19th century and owned by William West, a prominent Chehalis pioneer. Due to a growing, modern city and an increase in travelers through the region, the hotel was rebuilt of brick and expanded between 1917 and 1921. The West family continued full or partial ownership of the hotel since its inception until 1976, when the St. Helens underwent a full conversion as an apartment house.</p><br>
<p>Named after Mt. St. Helens, the hotel was a center for civic activity in the city during its peak and hosted numerous events and guests during its run as a hotel. The St. Helens is the tallest building in Chehalis and is the core marker of the downtown district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first St. Helens Hotel, named after Mt. St. Helens, a landmark for the city located approximately 50 mi to the southeast, was a three-story wood building located in the new downtown district of Chehalis. It was constructed between 1890 and 1894 by the Chehalis Land & Timber Company (CL&T) and an investment group noted for the construction boom of the Market Street downtown area, the Chehalis Improvement Company.</p><br>
<p>One of the purposes of the hotel was to entice an intentional shift of the commercial and downtown core to Market Boulevard. Also known as Market Street, the thoroughfare was a dirt road in the city&#39;s early beginnings, becoming a plank road after 1906. By as early as 1912, the street was paved with brick. Market Street, beginning at the hotel, was converted into a northbound one-way thoroughfare in 1960.</p><br>
<p>An addition was added in 1904 and with an increase in travelers to the city, a brick annex was constructed and completed in 1910. The $20,000 annex was connected by a hallway to the wooden inn and contained a larger basement and store front, with an added veranda on Market Street. A total of 26 rooms, decorated in Flemish green, were built and six were private, family-oriented suites. Modern amenities of the time, including private bathrooms, hot and cold water, steam heat, and telephones, were installed. The first fire escape was installed in 1909. Further remodeling was completed in 1914 and by the next year, the hotel listed 70 rooms.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1910s, it was determined by St. Helens ownership and other businessmen in Chehalis that it was necessary to replace the wooden inn with a brick version due to a variety of factors, including the growth of the downtown area with its newer, more modern buildings, the build of the Burlington Northern Depot, and heavier use of the automobile on the Pacific Highway (eventually known as Highway 99) that traveled past the hotel. The original structure was sold and moved in mid-1917, minus the front porch and tower, three blocks to the north on Washington Avenue. It became the Sticklin Apartments, named after Louis J. Sticklin, a noted undertaker in the Twin Cities who purchased and converted the old inn. The apartment building was condemned after suffering a large fire in 1978; it was ultimately razed in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The St. Helens Hotel was constructed in several phases by one of the architects of the Lumber Exchange Building in South Bend, Washington, Charles E. Troutman, and owner, William F. West, namesake of W.F. West High School. Announcements and initial details, beginning with the first phase known as the "annex", were released throughout 1916. Initial plans included an elevator and mezzanine. The build was of such expectation that the Twin City Automobile Company signed a lease for showroom space on the bottom floor before construction began. The work on the annex began in early 1917 and the hotel was fully complete by 1921. The annex, a four-story structure located behind the hotel, was constructed before the original wooden inn was removed. The second stage involved the building of the four-story front section of the hotel. Estimated to cost $35,000, it was begun by the spring of 1918 and finished later that year, containing 100 rooms. By June 1919, West realized that the hotel needed another expansion due to continuing demand for accommodations, announcing the build of two additional floors which were to include sleeping porches and 35 additional rooms; construction began in April 1920. The final facet of the St. Helens expansion was completed in 1920, adding two stories and increasing the room total to 150.</p><br>
<p>The new St. Helens Hotel opened on January 3, 1919, with a banquet sponsored by the Chehalis Citizens Club. Another banquet was held on the premises that day to celebrate the formation of a Lewis County congress to address construction needs and concerns. When the hotel was fully completed, an official opening was held on May 12, 1921. The hotels ground floor was home to the St. Helens Coffee Shop and by 1924, was neighbor to the St. Helens Theater to the north. For a time, the radio station KITI-FM broadcast out of the St. Helens.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, ownership received permission to fully convert the hotel to apartments. Ongoing financial issues, along with severe building code violations, the hotel closed for a brief time in January 1976. A change in owners occurred a few months later and the site officially began to be reconstructed for use as an apartment complex. The conversion was undertaken in 1977 and the hotel was renamed as the St. Helens Inn, holding a grand opening on October 1, 1977.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the St. Helens Apartments or the Chateau St. Helens, the building&#39;s appeal began to wane after a lack of care and upgrades, reaching a low of 11 tenants by 2003. New owners that year led to a tenancy rebound by 2005, with apartment vacancies listed as only five or six. After another sale of the hotel in 2005, a years-long effort to upgrade the site was begun. At the time, the downtown district around the St. Helens was considered a "bad part of town" and the new owner evicted troublesome renters and authorized stricter tenant application requirements and conduct rules for tenants. The site was renamed by the new owners from Chateau St. Helens to the St. Helens Inn, the moniker originally used under the NRHP nomination.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership and management</h3><br>
<p>From the St. Helens beginnings as a wooden building in the 1890s up until the 1970s apartment conversion, the hotels ownership remained either fully or partially under the West family of Chehalis. William West, a respected civil servant and businessman, served as the owner from the beginning under management with his brother-in-law, John Dobson. Full ownership and oversight was transferred to Wests son, William Francis (W.F) on February 28, 1904, due in part to a significant loan from Dobson. In 1912, the hotel was under the new management of H.A. Kaufman who had rights to purchase the hotel outright by the end of that year. The sale did not materialize and under W.F. Wests management, the hotel was converted into the brick St. Helens Hotel recognized by the NRHP. West retained a controlling stake after retiring in 1948, and he leased the building that year to a former bellhop at the hotel, Louis Pemerl, who oversaw the management of the facilities. West died on September 20, 1963, and the St. Helens was placed under the oversight of the William F. West Foundation, a scholarship program, until 1976.</p><br>
<p>Pemerl retired in 1973 and sold his ownership stake to John and Joy Bellour that year; John was a retired Seattle businessman and hotelier. Bellours ownership lasted until early 1976, bought out for approximately $275,000 via bankruptcy proceedings in April by Lewis County Savings and Loan. The purchase officially ended the Wests family ownership of the hotel. Two years later in March 2005, the hotel was sold again. At a sale price of $1.4 million, the inn was purchased by Daylight Development, a Bellingham-based company.</p><br>
<h3>Accidents and incidents</h3><br>
<p>Charles C. Kramer, who was a prior manager of the St. Helens Hotel in 1894, committed suicide by morphine overdose at the Grand Central Hotel in Tacoma after he was forced out of the St. Helens. He was under suspicion of forging checks, as well as struggling with addiction. during his time in Chehalis and at the St. Helens. In 1895, a possibly inebriated Chehalis judge, W.W. Langhorne, threatened murder at the hotel. Langhorne, who brandished a pistol, stated he would "fill Edward K. Hunter with lead". The matter led to additional investigations of the judge, showing a record of abuses of his power and office.</p><br>
<p>A masked man shot a St. Helens night watchman during a robbery of silverware in 1902. The guard, armed with a revolver and not seriously injured, wounded the robber in return but the assailant left the premises and was not caught. During June 1908, a suspected arsonist attempted to burn the St. Helens. The attempt was one of several fires that spanned between the Twin Cities that month.</p><br>
<p>The hotel, along with the W.F. West High School, was part of a bomb threat in May 1972; no explosive was found and a member of the United States Navy who was on leave was suspected and charged.</p><br>
<p>Several fires occurred at the hotel. At the end of April 1907, a small blaze, which attracted a small crowd, started on the roof above the kitchen and was doused by the owner William West Sr. damage was considered minimal. A grease fire from the hotels kitchen spread to the second floor in October 1973. Suppressed in under an hour, damages were confined to several rooms and bathrooms in the annex. Losses were estimated as high as $50,000. Two fires involving the hotels laundry room occurred in late February 1975, spreading to the second floor. Smoke reached the top floors but firefighters had the flames out within minutes; damages were confined to the laundry area and a meeting room.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hotel is located at the south end of the Chehalis Downtown Historic District at a triangular junction of Cascade Avenue, Market Boulevard, and Park Street.</p><br>
<p>A recreation spot known as East Side Park was situated on a triangular area uphill of the St. Helens Hotel and was first begun in 1905. Issues with the grade and road improvements would plague the completion of the park and it was never completed; the land was offered in mid-1908 as the location of the Chehalis Carnegie library, which was completed and opened in 1910. The Vernetta Smith Timberland Library, which opened in 2008 and replaced the Carnegie building, is located on the same wedge-shaped grounds across from the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and features</h2><br>
<p>The St. Helens Hotel is listed as six-stories tall and built of brick. The style of the structure and the attached annex are considered as simplified Neoclassical architecture. The hotel is the tallest building in Chehalis and the exterior has remained largely unaltered. The interior has undergone several renovations, including the 1970s remodel to convert the hotel into an apartment building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel footprint is of irregular shape, mostly triangular due to the wedge-shaped nature of the grounds. The roof of the structure is flat and the façade is built of gray brick, with details such as cornices and dentils. The ground floor contains round-arched windows while the upper sections contain ten-over-one double-hung sash casements. The annex windows are rectangular with transoms and the lintels and window sills are cream-colored. Molding that separated the third and fourth floors during the second phase of the construction was continued further up the façade when the final, top two floors were completed. The ornamentation, specifically noticed in the cornices and brick, does not wrap around the building, marking an obvious back side of the hotel on Cascade Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built with a standard layout and usage of the age, with the ground floor used for commercial and retail businesses, while the upper floors were used for hotel accommodations. At its peak, the St. Helens provided 152 rooms. After the conversion of the hotel to apartments, the ground floor&#39;s purpose remained the same but the living quarters were rebuilt for kitchen-apartment use. A small lobby is used for tenants to access their living spaces and there were 52 total apartments recorded at the time of the NRHP nomination; fifty-five apartments were listed by 2003.</p><br>
<p>The 1917 four-story annex, when built, measured 90 ft long and contained 40 rooms, most with a private bath and outside views. The ground floor contained 4 retail spaces and the exterior was pressed gray brick with terra cotta trim.</p><br>
<p>During a 2005 remodel, an original mosaic tile floor was found under carpeting in the lobby and front entrance. Window frames, existing from the hotel&#39;s build, were found to contain sawmill stamps, with labeling such as "Ship to W.F. West".</p><br>
<h3>Extinct features</h3><br>
<p>The large, painted sign which had adorned the side of the hotel for decades, signifying its name and importance, was no longer in place at the time of the NRHP nomination. The original entryway into the hotel was removed during the remodeling of the building into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1920s, a soda shop and cigar store were opened on the ground floor retail space. The fountain shop was begun under Bill Smith who sold it in 1936 and it became known as The Saunder&#39;s Fountain. The Lowery family purchased the store in 1967, giving it the moniker, D and B Fountain and Tavern.</p><br>
<p>A billiard room was noted by 1900 and the interior featured a "grill room" in the 1920s. The hotel contained several meeting and lounge rooms, such as the Terrace Room.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations and restorations</h2><br>
<p>The 1910 annex addition created an additional 26 rooms and cost $20,000. Despite the hotel being completed by 1920, the lobby was reworked in 1923 with walls retinted and the space redecorated. The lobby was remodeled again in 1931, adding new decorations and dividing the space to provide areas for smaller, social gatherings. Upgrades to the St. Helens Hotel were undertaken in 1936 to add a private roof garden and recreation area on the second floor. A marquee was installed and redecorating changes to the lobby were begun, including the installation of a double-door entrance.</p><br>
<p>Pemerl added a cocktail lounge in 1949, spending approximately $100,000 during his management run to remodel and upgrade the site, converting some rooms into apartments in 1965. The heating source for the building, which had used sawdust as fuel, was converted to oil in 1952. By 1970, the building contained 42 living quarters but only three more rooms were outfitted as apartments under the John and Joy Bellour ownership by 1975. The Bellours added a teak dance floor to the restaurant and redecorated and remodeled several areas of the hotel. Financial issues led to a lack of heat and rooms failing building codes and fire safety requirements. Tenants were asked to leave the premises upon request from Joy Bellour in October 1975.</p><br>
<p>After the sale of the hotel in 1976, a $1.0 million conversion from hotel to apartments began. Early planning included creating apartments specifically for senior citizens, enlarging the restaurant, and an increase in parking spaces for tenants. Additional outlines included keeping some hotel services, such as room service, but no overnight accommodations. The renovation relocated the main entrance and lobby and the ground floor business space was remodeled, including the removal of the long-standing coffee shop. The conversion was fully completed by 1977. Apartments were updated with new appliances, flooring, paint, and furnished with cable television, a new amenity at the time. A new coffee shop was built along with a new lounge known as the St. Helens Landmark that contained an elaborate forest scene and a showcase for antique items. Tenants had private access to a multi-purpose room on the second floor. A final touch was the inclusion of mailboxes once used at the Tenino post office.</p><br>
<p>Several renovations were planned after the 2003 sale, including $100,000 worth of upgrades to the retail space.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events and visitors</h2><br>
<p>In 1906, Ezra Meeker camped outside the hotel during the retracing of his original trek in 1852 on the Oregon Trail. Washington governor Marion E. Hay visited the inn during his time in office between 1909 and 1913. Teddy Roosevelt was a guest in late May 1914. In September of that year, a large banquet to honor the 50th anniversary of William West&#39;s arrival in Lewis County was held at the St. Helens; West, the "Father of Chehalis", died less than a year later on May 8, 1915. Prince Alexis Mdivani, without his wife, Barbara Hutton, stayed overnight in January 1934 during an evasion to dodge a process server from California. A man known as Larry Hightower, in an attempt to set a record and do "something different" for pushing a wheelbarrow across the United States over several years, was a guest during his travels in October 1950.</p><br>
<p>The Lasky Production Company rented out 40 rooms for two weeks in December 1922 during a potential film production. The Chehalis-Bee Nugget suggested wives "tether their husbands to an anchor" while the actresses, declared as "very fine looking ladies", were in town. A week later, the reservation was found to be a hoax, perpetrated by a false agent. The Bee-Nugget wrote that wives no longer had to watch their husbands, could go about their business, and were "breathing sighs of relief". In the late 1920s, the St. Helens Hotel began a tradition to place a lighted Christmas tree on the roof. During the late 1920s and into the 1930s, the St. Helens sponsored a championship cup that was awarded to the winner of an annual baseball competition held at Millett Field between the Portland and Seattle teams of the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company.</p><br>
<p>A large banquet was held in November 1931 to honor the president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Womens Clubs after a state-wide visit; the event was sponsored by the local Chehalis chapter. The hotel hosted the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Chehalis-Bee Nugget newspaper in 1932. On December 28, 1932, a birthday dinner to celebrate the 50th year of the citys incorporation was held at the St. Helens. Another 50th anniversary celebration at the hotel was held in August 1934 in honor of the formation of the city&#39;s well-respected Coffman-Dobson Bank & Trust Company.</p><br>
<p>After the opening ceremonies of the $1.0 million Goodyear Tire plant in 1957 at the newly created Chehalis Industrial Park, a welcome dinner was held at the St. Helens.</p><br>
<h2>Historical rates</h2><br>
<p>The St. Helens during the 1940s was considered to be expensive in the area, with breakfast costing a quarter and dinners exceeding 65 cents. Basic rooms were listed at $1.25, while a larger hotel room with a private bath was $4.00. Apartment rent at the completion of the 1976-1977 remodel was between $135 and $300 per month.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places nomination remarked that the St. Helens Hotel "retains considerable integrity both in its exterior appearance and in the continuing usage of interior space" though the interior lost historic details after several renovations since the 1970s. The St. Helens Hotel, listed as the St. Helens Inn, was added to the NRHP on October 8, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Early reporting noted that the St. Helens had an "air of superior neatness and order" and that the hotel makes a "pleasing impression". The hotel was known as the only first-class stop between Portland and Tacoma, and travelers were inclined to "Stop With Bill", a phrase meant to denote visitations with William West due to his popularity. The hotel was the city center for civic gatherings and remained the largest hotel in Chehalis into the mid-20th century. The St. Helens is the tallest building in the city and a distinct marker of the historic downtown district. The hotel is included in the Chehalis city logo.</p><br>
<p>The Chehalis Post Office is a federal post office in Chehalis, Washington. The Georgian Revival building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places  since 1991. The site has been declared a historic building by the Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<p>The post office is the only federal building in the city and was completed and dedicated in 1934. The Chehalis MPO, as it is listed in the NRHP form, was the last post office constructed in Chehalis. The build ended a stretch of perhaps nine different postal locations in the community since the first office was established in 1858 at the homestead of Schuyler and Elizabeth Saunders, the founding family of what would become Chehalis.</p><br>
<p>Located in between two other NRHP-listed sites, the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and the Lewis County Courthouse, the post office serves as a central hub for local mail deliveries and rural routes expanding across Lewis County. The Chehalis postal service has operated continuously since September 1870.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early post offices</h3><br>
<p>The first post office in Chehalis was established in the log home of the city&#39;s founding family, Schuyler and Elizabeth Saunders, on May 8, 1858. and was located on Main Street. The town was known as Saundersville at the time, credited after Schuyler, although Elizabeth was recognized as the first postmaster in the community that came to be known as Chehalis. The post office, having moved to the corner of Chehalis Avenue and North Street during its brief existence, was discontinued on December 7, 1859. A new post office, located at the Madsen corner, was renewed on January 10, 1861, lasting until September 29, 1865, when the postmasters left Chehalis to begin a district on the Klickitat prairie.</p><br>
<p>The town&#39;s post office was reestablished on August 7, 1867, under postmaster Mary M. McFadden, wife of pioneer, Obadiah B. McFadden. Mary oversaw operations in their home, the O. B. McFadden House, also an NRHP-listed site and the oldest residence in the city. Discontinued again on January 31, 1870, Obadiah became the new postmaster when he restarted the office later in the year on September 23; the Chehalis post office system has been in continuous, uninterrupted service since.</p><br>
<p>Officially known as Saunders Prairie at the time, McFadden changed the community&#39;s name to Chehalis where it was officially adopted by residents on January 5, 1874 and recognized by the state legislature on November 5, 1879. The reopened post office was a block west of the present-day Lewis County Courthouse. The first official "Chehalis" postmaster was Civil War veteran, Captain John T. Newland. The new office was moved in November 1875 to a store owned by George Hogue at the intersection of Prindle and State streets.</p><br>
<p>Under the era of Postmaster Dan W. Bush, the post office was relocated officially in September 1908 to a building on Market Street owned by the Bush brothers; the post office signed a 10-year lease. The move to a larger building was necessitated by the postal demands, and subsequent increases in mail route activity, of the growing city. In October 1917, Chehalis was made the postal center in Lewis County where 48 other post offices, excluding Centralia, requested supplies and delivered monthly postal reports.</p><br>
<p>The post office moved once again in late-November 1919 to a more modern space also located in another Bush brothers-owned building. The following May, the office received their first electric stamping machine, a significant upgrade at the time.</p><br>
<p>The post office relocated a final time in December 1929 to a slightly smaller space in the Zopolos Block in the northern section of downtown. Signed to a 10-year lease, the rental agreement agreed to dissolve once the new federal post office building was completed.</p><br>
<h3>Chehalis Post Office</h3><br>
<p>The beginnings of a federal Chehalis Post Office, also known via the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listing as the Chehalis MPO,</p><br>
<p>The location, at the intersection of Cascade Avenue and Center Street, and the architectural Colonial style, were announced as finalized by October 1932; the original plans were for the building to be one-story with an attic. The building was designed by James A. Wetmore and construction was undertaken by the Works Progress Administration. The finished cost of the project was reported as $97,400, approximately $100 under budget. The courthouse was dedicated on January 10, 1934. The event subsequently honored the 60th anniversary of the city&#39;s official 1874 Chehalis post office and postal employees from Centralia were invited.</p><br>
<p>Based on the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act, the Chehalis MPO was certified as a headquarters in June 1936 to handle the distribution of funds from veterans wishing to surrender their World War I bonus bonds.</p><br>
<p>Parking access to the post office was considered to have the most problematic parking of federal postal facilities between Portland and Seattle. A 5-minute parking strip was enlarged in 1952 allowing more time and space for mail trucks, which usually delivered mail via the front door due to difficulties in entering the rear loading dock. A plan to widen Cascade Avenue to provide better parking and access to the post office was withdrawn in September 1953 after local neighborhood opposition.</p><br>
<p>Chehalis received the zip code of 98532 in an announcement in June 1963 during the beginning rollout of the ZIP Code system. The post office during the 1960s was once home to a local IRS tax office that was opened to the public during tax season.</p><br>
<h2>Postal services history</h2><br>
<h3>Awards</h3><br>
<p>The Chehalis MPO was given an Award of Merit by the United States Postal Service in 1970 in recognition for several ideas the Chehalis staff suggested for postal delivery improvements. Five ideas were implemented within the region, and one, protecting mail carrier bags with plastic covers, was adopted on a national level.</p><br>
<h3>Class</h3><br>
<p>The early post offices were listed as fourth class stations, advancing to third in June 1890. Second class qualifications were met in July 1906 and the post office briefly achieved first class in 1926, an unusual graduation for a small city post office. The first class designation was brief, ending in July 1933 due to deteriorating conditions of the Great Depression that caused a drop in revenue and therefore a reduction to second class. First class status was reestablished in 1937.</p><br>
<h3>Delivery</h3><br>
<p>Early mail delivery was often done on horseback, such as on the route from Chehalis to Randle which was handled by a Native American known as "Henry", or via buggy; pushcarts were used in the city. Mail carriers were not certified under a civil service entrance examination until 1909 and a postman could expect wages of 30 cents per hour. Official mail delivery within the city was not established until June 1909 though a rural route existed by 1905. Two additional carrier routes were added in 1913 and 1922, with a Rural Route No. 4 in 1922. A fifth route, made possible by road improvements in the county, was created in September 1924 and 3,822 people were record in 1925 as being served by the system. At the time of the dedication, Chehalis was part of a star route, connecting mail deliveries from Eastern Lewis County to South Bend, Washington, and had a postal district encompassing 1,725 square miles.</p><br>
<p>The Chehalis post office was used temporarily as the regional mail center beginning at the end of December 1961 after the post office in Centralia, which handled sorting duties, lost funding to modernize its location. With extra space in Chehalis, the efforts produced no delays or interruptions in service. The post office continued to have five rural routes in the mid-1960s, listing over 1,600 families on the lines. As part of a federal employee cutback during 1968, Saturday postal deposit box pickups were reduced to once a day and pauses were temporarily implemented on the creation of new routes or deliveries to newer residential areas.</p><br>
<p>Mail trucks were first used to deliver letters and parcels within the city, as well as rural routes emanating from Chehalis, in February 1973.</p><br>
<p>By 2006, the Chehalis MPO reported a daily handling between 35,000 to 40,000 pieces of mail by an operation of 34 employees.</p><br>
<h3>Notable events and incidents</h3><br>
<p>A robbery of approximately $1,000 took place in 1895 at the Chehalis MPO. A special agent investigated Centralia postmaster John Laraway about the crime; Laraway was described during the time as lacking "good standing" with the federal post office department.</p><br>
<p>A viral phenomenon starting from a social media post in October 2020, led to the post office receiving hundreds of pieces of mail from across the nation for Jimmy Armfield. Armfield, who often waited at the post office multiple times per day to check his post office box, also received packages and international deliveries for several days; his favorite items were photos sent from a family member.</p><br>
<h3>Postmarks and stamps</h3><br>
<p>In early 1997, the Chehalis postmark cancellation stamp was no longer available via the post office, unless residents delivered their outgoing mail, or requested a stamp on already cancelled posts, in person. A recent change that year, sending mail to be sorted in Olympia where the machinery was faster, led to the loss of the cancellation stamp.</p><br>
<p>A special cancellation, in association with the dedication of Oregon Trail markers in Chehalis and Claquato, were made available in 2006. The Chehalis stamp included a likeness of a Conestoga wagon; the Adna post office offered a similar stamp during the event that featured the Claquato Church.</p><br>
<p>The post office issued a pictorial cancellation to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the city&#39;s Lewis County Historical Society and Museum, previously the Burlington Northern Depot, in June 2012. The museum offered two special envelopes that could be stamped during the celebration, one featuring the McKinley Stump and another with a railroad logo. A similar postmark was offered by the Centralia Union Depot the month prior.</p><br>
<h3>Postmasters</h3><br>
<p>Postmasters of the Chehalis post office since the oversight days of the Saunders family, McFaddens, and Captain Newland include a brief management run by Timothy Winston in 1861, with Evert Geiger (1875), Henry Miles (1876), and James Berry (1879) undertaking the task at times during the 1870s. Three members of the Urquhart family were successive postmasters, with John undertaking the task in September 1879, William in 1880, and Annie becoming the head of office in 1883. John Willis (1886) and William Mossman (1889) closed out the heavy turnover of the early days of the post office. Stability was established in the 1890s with management undertaken by C.E. Lillpop in 1894, handing off to a long-term postmaster reign by Dan W. Bush on November 1, 1898.</p><br>
<p>The position remained in Bush&#39;s control until handed over to Elmer McBroom, owner of the Chehalis Advocate newspaper, on March 21, 1915; McBroom was succeeded by Judd C. Bush on October 1, 1923. In 1926, the postmaster title went to J.R. Imus, who was at the helm when the NRHP-listed Chehalis Post Office was constructed and dedicated. Lloyd Sullivan was postmaster from May 1935 until his death in September 1953 after being struck by a truck in the downtown district.</p><br>
<p>The post office had no acting postmaster until January 31, 1954, when John Nowadnick began serving as an interim head of the department. Nowadnick became the official postmaster in January 1955 but was not made permanent until October 1957 after pressure from the Eisenhower administration beginning in 1956. After Nowadnicks sudden retirement at the end of September 1964, Clifford Brock, previously the citys state-licensed liquor store owner, became acting postmaster.</p><br>
<p>After Brock, postmasters included Ronald Gates, H. Coleman Dokken, who retired in 1992, and Roxanne Vanderberg, who became postmaster on December 31, 1996. Frank DeRemer held the position beginning in 2003 followed by Jade Nevitt., the Chehalis MPO postmaster is Melissa Huffman.</p><br>
<h3>Receipts</h3><br>
<p>One of the earliest reports on postal receipts for Chehalis lists $3,628 in 1896, followed with a slight increase the next year to $3,787. Receipt reports in the 1900s saw steady increases, from $5,260 in 1902, to over $6,300 the next year, and heading over $7,000 in 1904. The post office recorded its first year above $10,000 in 1907. In just five years, in part due to a new nationwide parcel post system, the Chehalis post office registered over $20,000 in 1912. By 1922, it surpassed $30,000, the increase suggested due to a large home ownership population in the city that "naturally write more letters". The economic growth did not last, with a temporary decrease in revenue three months later forcing the curtailing of working hours and a decrease in delivery times. The setback was minor, with receipts exceeding over $34,000 and $35,000 respectively over the next two years.</p><br>
<p>When the Chehalis postal system broke $40,000 in 1925, it graduated to first class the following year, a distinction at the time usually reserved for post offices in larger cities. The increased workload created the need for a substation, which was opened in late-1927 at the Chehalis Grocery on Market Street.</p><br>
<p>The post office, between 1925 and the advent of the Great Depression, regularly achieved over $40,000 in postal receipts but fell below the mark during the difficult financial climate. The Chehalis MPO did not exceed the mark until 1935. The post office&#39;s first class status was restored in 1937 after achieving a record of over $45,000 in revenue the prior year.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1960s, revenue was reported as around $500,000 annually, generated by shipping charges, sales of stamps, and various banking and money order transactions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The post office is situated at the intersection of Cascade Avenue and Center Street on a triangular block between the Chehalis Downtown Historic District and the government district, which includes the Lewis County Courthouse. It is located two blocks from the city hall and the Vernetta Smith Timberland Library and is surrounded by a mix of single-family homes and commercial property. Two churches are nearby, including the Church of the Apostolic Faith, dedicated in February 1954 and situated across the main entrance on Cascade.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and features</h2><br>
<p>The Chehalis Post Office is a 62 x two-story red brick building constructed on a raised basement. The symmetrical architectural style is considered Georgian Revival and was designed at the end of the Beaux-Arts period. The Chehalis MPO was one of the last such builds of this type before a concentration on constructing automated facilities. The building is an example of classically-designed architecture under the United States government during the 1930s. Exterior features include a centered architrave entry that is flanked by Palladian, and semi-circular windows. Most details are terra cotta and include bas relief garlands situated in rectangular panels over the flat arched corner casements. The frieze contains projecting cornices and the entablature is molded terra cotta. A low brick parapet caps the exterior walls and the copper hipped roof contains multiple dormers.</p><br>
<p>Construction materials were supplied either locally or within the Pacific Northwest region, with brick coming from the city, terra cotta from Spokane, and stone quarried in Boise, Idaho. Marble was supplied from the state of Vermont.</p><br>
<p>The structure is supported by concrete foundations and steel beams, with a mostly brick exterior done in English bond; the interior is walled in terra cotta blocks. Additional exterior details, such as the cladding of the exposed basement walls, coping, and window sills are sandstone; granite is used for the stairs and landings. Windows are noted for a variety of details such prominent keystones, detailed scrollwork, and square springers.</p><br>
<p>The entryway style is considered a broken pediment with bracket supports. A lead glass web motif and cast iron lanterns light the arch and the pediment which is adorned with a transom window, detailed in a curvilinear diamond pattern. Hardware was solid bronze.</p><br>
<p>The curved-arch glass windows are immediately next to the entry contain a 6-panel fan-shaped layout under the arches, which are pilaster supported with glass paneled sections. The double-hung windows are paneled as 16-over-12. Flat-arched windows are voussoir brick with keystones and are also double hung, 12-over-12.</p><br>
<p>The façade is capped by a slightly projecting cornice and entablature, with a frieze inscribed with "United States Post Office" and detailed with fretwork. Opposite sides mirror each other, maintaining a symmetrical appearance. The front and back of the post office contain 3 dormers while there are 5 such roof windows on the sides. The only noticeable lack of symmetry is on the back of the building. The area, used for shipping and receiving of the mail, contains a roof-covered platform that expands the width of the exterior.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The Chehalis Post Office, after construction was completed, contained modern amenities of the time. Mechanical works included a coal-powered heat system, a smokeless boiler, water coolers on each floor, brass pipes, bronze-plated hardware, and Kohler Co. plumbing fixtures. The basement was a storage room for coal and contained an employee lounge room outfitted with a shower and toilet bathroom.</p><br>
<p>The first floor, as it remains in the present day, is the main post office floor. Details included wrought iron grillwork at the counters and mailboxes, woodblock floors, rubbed finishes on hardware, and was decorated with fir woodwork. The postmasters office contained quarter sawn oak details. Terrazzo, containing marble chips from quarries in the state, was used in other areas with brass strips placed in between floors to highlight changes in colors. Walls were built of either glazed brick from the Chehalis Brick & Tile Company or marble from Tennessee, also used in the interiors borders. The area contained a mezzanine and a small office to store older postal records.</p><br>
<p>Mostly used for office space, the second floor contained similar woodwork and flooring, and each of the 11 offices contained a bathroom. The walls included picture rail and chair rail touches.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations and restorations</h2><br>
<p>The first noted repair and improvement project was in 1961 where exterior doors, including the front entrance, were replaced. Additional efforts included repointing, repairs to the roof, and a new sidewalk on Cascade, among other smaller maintenance issues. Upgrades to the electrical system, also encompassing the replacement of lighting and additional painting, was undertaken in 1965. The following year, over 100 post office boxes were added, bringing the total number available to 709.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, several exterior window frames were replaced due to rot which had led to some leaks inside the building. The interior of the first floor was painted.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Along with the post office in Colfax, Washington, the Chehalis Post Office is one of two Georgian Revival style mail buildings in the state. At the time of the NRHP nomination, the Chehalis MPO was declared as "stately in character" and is "an unaltered and well-preserved example of a small town combined post office and federal office building". The nomination recorded the building as maintaining a rich, historical design and was the only building in Chehalis to contain the Georgian Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Chehalis was awarded a post office before its larger, neighboring twin city, Centralia, which completed their federal post office in 1937 despite a census of over 8,000. Chehalis, with a population of over 4,900, also had a larger footprint. Two theories suggest that the outsized difference may be due to Congressman Albert Johnson preferring Chehalis over Centralia, or that the decision was made as Chehalis was the county seat. The site remains the only United States federal government post office or building constructed in the city and is considered an example of how citizens and government overcame financial struggles during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>The Chehalis Post Office was awarded recognition as a historic building by the city via its Chehalis Historic Preservation Commission. The accolade, given in 1993, lists the building as an "example of classical architecture and stone detailing.</p><br>
<p>The O. B. McFadden House is the historic home of Obadiah B. McFadden and is located in Chehalis, Washington. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1975 and is situated south of Millett Field. The house is the oldest structure in Lewis County and the oldest residence in Chehalis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>O.B. McFadden and his wife, Margaret (Mary), purchased the property in 1859. The land, originally part of the Saunder&#39;s family settlement claim, was situated in a wilderness area. As part of the agreement, the Saunders, who were the founders of present-day Chehalis, built the home for the McFadden family.</p><br>
<p>The home was once used as the local post office for the town of Saundersville (also Saunder&#39;s Bottom), before it became known as Chehalis. Mary McFadden was the postmaster between 1867 and 1870, with John serving as such until 1874.</p><br>
<p>Repairs to the dwelling were undertaken by a homeowner in 1911, as the building was described to be in a dilapidated state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and features</h2><br>
<p>The home is a story to two-story log cabin bungalow built with mortise and tenon construction of hewed-logs. At its original build, it contained eight rooms, including four bedrooms in the attic, or second floor, and had 10 foot ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Due to its age and renovations since its construction, the home retains little of its original build, but the exterior walls and some floor support remains intact. The mortise and tenon joints are considered unusual, but provide a solidity to the structure. During one of the restorations, a dormer was added and at other points the house was placed on a post foundation and two porches were built. No photographs have been found to show the O.B. McFadden home in its original state.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was officially accepted to the NRHP list on April 1, 1975. and the longest continuously occupied residence in the state., the McFadden House was one of eleven NRHP sites in the city of Chehalis.</p><br>
<p>The Herman and Hattie  Besser House is a two-story bungalow home located at 403 South 2nd Avenue in Alpena, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Herman Besser was born near Buffalo, New York, in 1853. Harriette M. Ely was born nearby in 1855. The two married in 1881 in Cheektowaga, New York. Their first child, Jesse, was born in 1882, and soon after the family moved to Montmorency County, Michigan, where they purchased extensive timber holdings. In 1897, Herman Besser established the Besser Stave and Shingle Mill in Alpena. In 1898, the Bessers purchased a two-story frame house located at 403 South 2nd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>However, the Alpena area was shifting away from the timber industry. In 1899, Besser and others established the Alpena Portland Cement Company, with Besser serving as president. He also began shifting his stave company away from wood, renaming it Besser Manufacturing in 1901. In 1904, Herman and his son Jesse Besser designed a cement block machine at Besser Manufacturing, and the company was soon turning out cement blocks and other building material. The company began improving their block manufacturing machines, and soon realized that there was more profit in selling the machines than the blocks themselves. The Bessers continued to improve their machines, and Besser Manufacturing became a major supplier of cement block making equipment.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, Herman Besser constructed a new house at 403 South 2nd Avenue, using experimental trials, produced by Besser Manufacturing, of what became Besser&#39;s patented fractured concrete blocks. Herman and Hattie Besser lived in the house until their deaths (in 1926 and 1943, respectively). The house was sold to Guy Austin Lutes in 1945, and his descendants continue to live there.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Herman and Hattie (Ely) Besser House is a two-story bungalow designed in the American Craftsman style. It is constructed using Herman Bessers patented concrete fractured blocks for exterior cladding. Some blocks contain red pigment, which decorate the houses corners, porch columns, and the basement wall. The second story is tucked underneath a side-gable roof with large dormers facing both front and rear.</p><br>
<p>The Benda House is a building in the Riverside Historic District in Illinois that is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural merit. Designed by architect Winston Elting in 1938, it is notable for blending European-inspired modernism with American organicism, reflecting the architectural landscape of its era.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Benda House, located in Riverside, Illinois, lies about 12 mi west-southwest of the Chicago Loop. The house stands within the Riverside Historic District, which is bordered by 1st Avenue to the west, 26th Street to the north, Harlem Avenue to the east, Ogden Avenue to the south, and the Des Plaines River. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1969, and was named a National Historic Landmark on August 29, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Winston Elting, the Benda House stands as a Modern Movement/International Style two-story, single-family residence. Characterized by asymmetrical architecture, it is a brick building with a flat roof. The façades are adorned with a mix of large picture windows and medium-sized corner windows framed in aluminum-clad wood casements. The house&#39;s structure involves three-wythe brick perimeter walls supported by a concrete foundation, and the interior partition walls combine wood framing with floor and roof wood joists. Steel elements, including header beams and Lally columns, contribute to the architectural framework. The exterior features brickwork using a hybrid brick type, laid out in common-Flemish bond with raked (originally concave) mortar joints. The house exhibits overhangs, with fir tongue-and-groove soffits and charcoal grey painted fir fascia boards.</p><br>
<p>The interior plan features interconnected larger entertaining spaces and smaller service spaces for the kitchen and bathrooms. The first floor encompasses the entry foyer, staircase, living and dining rooms, kitchen, maid&#39;s room, bathroom, and porch. The second floor hosts three bedrooms, a bathroom, hallway closets, and an exterior sun deck. The basement contains a main room, storage area, and boiler/laundry room.</p><br>
<p>Original architectural elements, such as door hardware, aluminum staircase handrail, fireplace and hearth, built-in cabinetry, and more, are well-preserved. The original wood windows were changed to steel during construction in 1939, then replaced with aluminum-clad wood casement windows in the 1990s, aligning with the architects design intent. Exterior and interior restoration efforts have been made, ensuring the preservation of materials and details. The landscaping also has been restored, maintaining the houses connection to the original vision for the village.</p><br>
<p>Recognized for its preservation, the Benda House received the 2022 Preservation Award from the Frederick Law Olmsted Society of Riverside. The current owners are publishing a book that documents the house&#39;s history and restoration process, underscoring its significance as a unique example of 1930s modern architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Benda House is noted for synthesizing European-inspired modernism and American organicism, reflecting the architectural ethos of its time. Designed in 1938, the house reflects the evolution of domestic architecture during the early 20th century in the United States. The houses design blends Modern Movement principles with Prairie School elements. With its use of materials and siting, the Benda House exemplifies a modern approach to design for its era. The integration of "Autumtints" brick, a cost-effective alternative to traditional face brick, and the incorporation of glass block elements for both light and privacy mark the houses architectural innovation. These features reflect the prevailing trends of dematerialization and a harmonious relationship with nature that characterized modern architecture during the era. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 21, 2023.</p><br>
<p>The Darius David Johnston House, is a historic house and museum in Norwalk, California. Constructed from 1890 to 1891, it is a two-story building in the Stick and Eastlake styles. It is sometimes called the Hargitt Ranch House for the constructor, Darius Daivd Johnston&#39;s daughter, Cora Hargitt. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 2, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house, made of redwood, has a gable roof, in which the front and side bay gables are decorated with scrolls. The exterior has not been altered much from its original state, but only one stained glass window remains, on the front door. A water tower built in 1878, originally for an earlier house, is attached to the side, containing its original pipes. The stairs found at the side of the building the tower is housed in were added in 1930. The house costed $2,800 to build.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally home to Darius Davis Johnston, one of the founders of the Norwalk School District (now the Norwalk–La Mirada Unified School District) and a member of the board of directors there until his death in 1917. One of the district&#39;s elementary schools was named after him. The property initially consisted of of land, where the owners grew prunes, avocados, and citrus during Prohibition. The extra land has now been sold to be used for residences.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Tours of the house are conducted on the first and third Saturdays of each month. It contains Johnston family heirlooms and memorabilia from the city&#39;s past.</p><br>
<p>Astoria Marine Construction  was founded as Astoria Shipbuilding by Joe Dyer is 1929 in Jeffers Gardens of Astoria, Oregon. Joe Dyer&#39;s father was a pioneer of early Astoria and operated a family sawmill. Joe Dyer started by building wooden fishing boats at his shipyard. Then added wooden pleasure craft to his product line. Joe Dyer designed and built Columbia River One Design  boats and boats for the United States Navy. The shipyard was on the east bank of the Lewis and Clark River and the Jeffers Slough. Due to its historical importance the site is on the National Register of Historic Places in Clatsop County, Oregon. Astoria Marine Construction shipyard closed in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before starting his shipyard, Joe Dyer (1898–1974) was given a contract to build 12 Bristol Bay sailing gill-netters in 1924. Joe Dyer partnered with Acme (Ac) Mansker, and Clair Mansker to build 12 boats, calling the firm Astoria Shipbuilding in 1929. Together they built a new 7.2 acre shipyard. The yard grew, Astoria Shipbuilding built the Arrow No. 2 Astoria&#39;s river pilot boat. In 1926 Ac Mansker and his family departed the firm and moved to Puget Sound. Ac Mansker later worked as a superintendent at Bellingham Shipyards and later Todd Shipyards in Seattle. In addition to building wooden boats, Dyer added metal sheet, called ice sheathing to the bows of wooden cargo ships, to protect the hull in iced ports.</p><br>
<h3>Tourist III</h3><br>
<p>In 1931 Dyer received his first large project, the design and construction of a 120-foot car ferry, called the Tourist III run by Captain Fritz Elving. The Tourist III operated for the Astoria-North Beach Ferry Company, on the Astoria – North shore route. Dyer leased a shipway at the Port of Astoria to build the large Tourist III and hired a crew. Tourist III was built in 90 days, so good a ship it put its rival Columbia Transportation out of action in two years. Tourist III was 109 ft long, 233 tons, with a capacity of: 28 automobiles, 280 passengers. Tourist III ferry service started on July 4, 1931. The Tourist III Astoria run ended in 1966 as the Astoria – Megler Bridge was built. The Tourist III was taken to Kodiak, Alaska and was used as a floating crab-processing plant.</p><br>
<h2>Great Depression</h2><br>
<h3>Columbia River One Design</h3><br>
<p>The Great Depression was difficult on Astoria Shipbuilding Company, but the firm survived. Columbia River Yachting Association contacted the shipyard to design and build a one-class racing and cruising sloop in 1934. The Columbia River One Design (CROD) became the standard for the Astoria regatta races for the next thirty years. The shipyard built five Columbia River One Design (CROD) and due to the depression sold four CRODs as kits between 1934 and 1940. The second CROD built, CROD No. 2, named Jean II was sold to Dean Webster of Portland, Oregon, he won first in class in the Pacific International Yachting Association race. After World War II Dyer built three more CRODs, including one for himself Joe&#39;s own boat, called Tom Tom after his son, that was passed down to his son. Astoria Shipbuilding built 12 Columbia River One Design (CROD), the 28-foot sloops became a classic. Columbia River One Design hulls 1 and 2 were donated to the Columbia River Maritime Museum.</p><br>
<p>Columbia river one design:</p><br>
<p>Length 27.83 feet</p><br>
<p>Beam 8.83 feet</p><br>
<p>Draft 2.33 feet, Maximum draft 5 feet</p><br>
<p>Sail area at max 344 sq. feet</p><br>
<p>Monohull keel with centerboard wood</p><br>
<p>Waterline length 24 ft</p><br>
<p>Displacement 7,000 lbs</p><br>
<p>Ballast 950 lbs</p><br>
<p>Hull speed 6.56 knots (had back up Westerbeke Universal gasoline engine with 20-gallon tank)</p><br>
<h3>Great depression boats</h3><br>
<p>In 1935, naval architect John Omundse joined the firm. In 1935 Dyer built a 36-foot express cruiser, Joanne, for A. N. Prouty, a local mill owner, also a luxurious 50-footer, Phantom with twin V-8 for Dr. Wallace Haworth of Portland. In 1938 Dyer built a 47-foot boat the Evening Star for Portland businessman Milt Henderson. In 1938, Dyer built a 52-foot gaff-rigged schooner, Pagan, for Edward Hefty. In 1938 Astoria Marine won a contract with United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to build an 88-foot survey ship, the E Lester Jones out of pressure-treated wood. The wood was pressure-treated at a plant in Wauna, Oregon. Heine Dole a new engineer with Astoria Marine was key in overseeing the project.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>To support the World War II effort, Astoria Marine Construction built boats for the United States Navy and United States Army. At its peak in 1943, Astoria Marine Construction had over 1,500 workers. Dyer improved an East Coast Navy designed Minesweepers. Astoria Shipbuilding Company won on April 1, 1941, a $1,312,000 contract to build four minesweepers. Astoria Marine Construction built a new shipyard for the minesweeper assembly line at a Port of Astoria facility. Other orders were given to Astoria Shipbuilding. Astoria Marine operated three-yard during the war: Lewis and Clark River, Astoria Port Docks,</p><br>
<p>and Tongue Point yard. Astoria Marine also converted 50 escort carriers and 56 ammunition ships for the war efforts.</p><br>
<p>For the US Navy Astoria Marine Construction built:</p><br>
<p>YMS-1 type 137-foot Minesweepers</p><br>
<p>YMS-135 subclass Minesweepers, like USS Osprey (AMS-28) and USS Minah (AMc-204)</p><br>
<p>YP 623 type 128-foot Patrol Craft, like PCS 1465</p><br>
<p>For the US Army Astoria Marine Construction built:</p><br>
<p>MTL Tugboats a Type V ship Motor Launch</p><br>
<p>World War II boats:</p><br>
<h2>Post War II</h2><br>
<p>Astoria Marine Construction built 79-foot trawlers including the Trask and the Shirley Lee. Astoria Marine Construction built a 58-foot seiner without an order and took two years to sell. Dyer built a CROD, the Tom Tom for himself in 1945. Astoria Marine Construction worked the reserve fleet at Tongue Point. For the Navy, and National Defense Reserve Fleet, Astoria Marine Construction worked on "mothballing" ships and boats. Astoria Marine was able to rent two Auxiliary Repair Docks (ARD) Auxiliary floating drydock to repair large ships and boats.</p><br>
<h2>Korean War</h2><br>
<p>Astoria Marine Construction won the contract to build new Agile-class minesweeper minesweepers with less iron (non-magnetic), less likely to set off new naval mines used in the Korean War. The first contract was for two ships, AM 480, the USS Dash, and AM 481, the USS Detector with aluminum engines. Next Astoria Marine Construction received an order for three more Onversaagd-class minesweepers for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Astoria Marine de-mothballed ships and boats in the reserve fleet, so they could be used for the war. After the war the yard built fishing vessels and tug boats and repaired boats. In 1957 Astoria Marine Construction built the grand 39-foot Cutter Yacht Patronilla, for Bill Forrest. In 1966 the last grand Yacht built was the 39 -foot, Jeanne Elizabeth, for Leah Pierce.</p><br>
<p>Korean War ships:</p><br>
<h2>Joseph M. Dyer</h2><br>
<p>Joseph M. Dyer was born in 1898, in South Bend, Washington. His father ran a small family sawmill. The family moved to Astoria, Oregon on Columbia River when Joe was young. His father became the manager of Clatsop Mill on Scow Bay at 13th and Exchange Street. His father died when Joe was fourteen in 1912. As a young boy, Joe would hang around Tim Driscolls boat shop a lower Columbia River boat builder, and fell in love with boat building. Tim L. Driscoll (1870–1967) taught Joe skills he would use later, Driscolls father-in-law was a Clatsop Indian canoe builder, his father was an English seaman. Driscoll was known for his bowpicker boats, which Dyer would later build also. At 18 Joe joined the United States Navy Reserve and was sent to war. For World War I he serviced on the USS Goldsborough a torpedo boat. He was trained on the Goldsborough and then became a trainer of other new sailors as the Goldsborough patrol the Pacific Northwest coast. In 1918, after the war, Joe took Mechanical Engineering classes at Oregon Agricultural College, now called Oregon State University, and worked repairing fish boats in the summer. He designed buildings that replaced ones lost in the 1922 Astoria, Oregon fire. In 1924, Joe Dyer partnered with the Mansker brothers and started the shipyard. Dyer married Genevieve (Geno) Thompson in 1929, they built a house across the road from the shipyard. Dyer retired in 1964, at age 66, he turned the operations of the shipyard over to the employees. In 1968, he sold the shipyard to its employees, who that wanted to buy it. At the request of a friend, he helped build one last boat, the Mary Carol, a motor yacht for Ed Ross, an advertising executive. Don Fastabend, who started work at the yard in 1950, was the last of the employees who owned part of the shipyard and ran the yard as a boat repair shop. Fastabend, the last owner of the yard, died in October 2013, the yard closed in 2013. The shipyard records were donated to the Columbia River Maritime Museum.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being a boat builder, Joe Dyer held office in the Oregon legislature. He was a chairman in the local United Way. For his civic work, he was awarded the Astorias First Citizen Award. Joe Dyer also served as the first chairman of the Oregon State Marine Board. The Board worked with state regulations on pleasure boat activity and safety. Joe Dyer helped start the Columbia River Maritime Museum. Joe died in 1974 at age 76, his wife Geno died in 1983. Dyers had a son Thomas R. Dyer, who worked in Seattle at a marine consultancy firm and sailed his dad&#39;s boat CROD No. 10, Tom Tom. Thomas was Sea Scout, for his group he restored 26-foot whaleboat, later Tom and the yard built a 14-foot Blue Jay for the group. Tom and the yard built a six 8-foot El Toro that used local yacht club members, some used in El Toro championship races in Youngs Bay.</p><br>
<p>The site of the shipyard is on the List of Oregon&#39;s Most Endangered Places.</p><br>
<p>The Jacoby Building, also known as Jacoby&#39;s Storehouse, is a historical building in Arcata, Humboldt County, California. It is the only original historical building in Arcata.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1857, in the Classical Revival style, for Augustus Jacoby, an early pioneer who arrived in Arcata in 1850. He started in business by taking supplies to the local miners on pack animals. Jacoby operated a general store and a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Jacoby Building was built of brick and stone, and thus survived the 1875 fire that swept through the adjacent Arcata Plaza area. Jacoby sold the building to Alexander Brizard in 1880. A number of general stores operated out of the building, continuing to supply goods to mining camps in the Klamath and Trinity Mountains. Second and third floors were added in 1907 by architect Warren Porter Skillings.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the Jacoby Building became California Historical Landmark (CHL) #783. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#82002179) in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for shelter during conflicts with the Native American Wiyot tribe from 1858 through 1864, which included the 1860 Wiyot massacre. The CHL plaque controversially described the Jacoby Building as having "served periodically as a refuge in time of Indian troubles."</p><br>
<p>The plaque was in one corner of the Arcata Plaza, a park across the street from the Jacoby Building. For years the Plaza also had an 8.5-foot bronze statue of President William McKinley (1843-1901), forged in San Francisco in 1906. McKinley&#39;s imperialist politics and hostility to Native Americans, as well as the unfortunate wording on the CHL plaque, for years led to calls to remove both the statue and the plaque from the Plaza. Acts of vandalism were one of the reasons for a 2018 City Council vote to remove the statue, as well as the plaque.</p><br>
<p>Fox Court and Fox Common are two historic building complexes located at University Avenue in Berkeley, California, USA. Fox Court is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 4, 1982; and listed as a Berkeley Landmark by the city since November 20, 1978. Fox Common is listed as a Berkeley Landmark by the city since December 7, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fox Court and Fox Common embody a regional Northern California-style of storybook architecture of the 1920s, sometimes referred to as "Hansel and Gretel," or "Medieval Dollhouse." Fox Court and Fox Common were both designed by Carl Fox and built by his company the Fox Brothers Construction Firm.</p><br>
<h3>Fox Court history</h3><br>
<p>Fox Court consists of eighteen apartments are arranged in a series of one- and two story building. Three shops are located on the ground floor. The complex was constructed in stages between 1920 and 1930, is U-shaped, wrapping around a lushly planted interior courtyard. The structure is wood framed, with a brick and concrete exterior.</p><br>
<h3>Fox Common history</h3><br>
<p>Fox Common consists of two cottages, both are two story buildings. The Rose and William Berteaux Cottage (a different Fox Cottage) was designated a City of Berkeley Landmark on June 7, 1999, and moved in 2001 from 2612 Channing Way to 2350 Bowditch Street, Berkeley.</p><br>
<p>Ball Nurses Sunken Garden and Convalescent Park is a historic park and garden located on the campus of IU Health University Hospital at Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It was designed between 1929 and 1934 by Percival Gallagher, principal landscape architect for the Olmsted Brothers. The Ball Nurses Sunken Garden and Convalescent Park were constructed between 1930 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the construction of the James Whitcomb Riley Children&#39;s Hospital in 1921, the Riley Memorial Association convinced the City of Indianapolis to purchase property east of site for a convalescent park. The Riley Memorial Association first discussed buying the land for a convalescent park with the City of Indianapolis as early 1921.</p><br>
<p>The garden was designed by Percival Gallagher, architect for the Olmstead Brothers, between 1929 and 1934 as a therapeutic greenspace for convalescence care. George A. Ball donated $10,000 to help improve the landscape around the Ball Residence for Nurses. This garden is the only remaining public garden designed by the Olmstead Brothers in Indianapolis and the only Olmstead Brothers therapeutic greenhouse on an urban medical campus in the United States. In 1947, the Nurses’ Alumnae Association donated the Robert Davidson sculpture known as Eve, which would become the centerpiece of the central pool.</p><br>
<p>Ball Garden was listed on the National Register for Historic Places in 1996 under criterion c for its embodiment of masterful landscape architecture. In 2016, the Ball Garden were rededicated by Indiana University President Michael McRobbie, Chancellor Nasser Paydar, and the Indiana University School of Nursing Dean Robin Newhouse. The garden lies in between the Rotary Building to the north, the Ball Residence Hall and Ball Annex to the south.</p><br>
